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L-Arginine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Adjuvant Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is a threat to the integrity of the vascular system, and it is pivotal in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosisand cardiovascular disease. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with this disturbance being almost universal in patients who reach the most advanced phase of CKD, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Low NO bioavailability in CKD depends on several mechanisms affecting the expression and the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Accumulation of endogenous inhibitors of eNOS, inflammation and oxidative stress, advanced glycosylation products (AGEs), bone mineral balance disorders encompassing hyperphosphatemia, high levels of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and low levels of the active form of vitamin D (1,25 vitamin D) and the anti-ageing vasculoprotective factor Klotho all impinge upon NO bioavailability and are critical to endothelial dysfunction in CKD. Wide-ranging multivariate interventions are needed to counter endothelial dysfunction in CKD, an alteration triggering arterial disease and cardiovascular complications in this high-risk population. (47) With permission.
CHD Genetics Part II
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
APOE4 genotype increases the risk for CHD and MI. Management of risk factors for patients with the APOE4 allele, especially with the homozygote E4/E4 type addresses issues such as:Increased cholesterol absorption and delayed clearance, resulting in higher serum LDL cholesterol (the bad form of cholesterol).Increased CHD with smoking and alcohol intake and overall increased incidence of MI, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia.Inability to repair the vascular endothelium to produce nitric oxide, resulting in an increase in blood pressure.Less response to statins for lowering cholesterol.The best reduction of LDL occurs through dietary restriction of carbohydrates, with low-fat diets and omega-3 fatty acids.
Haemostasis and Thrombosis
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Vascular endothelium:A monolayer of endothelial cells (EC) lining all blood vessels – forms the intima with the basement membrane.Produces the glycocalyx (sugar-protein) which coats the endothelium.
Targeted therapy of tumour microenvironment by gold nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Negah Mahhengam, Kimia Kazemnezhad, Hendrik Setia Budi, Mohammad Javed Ansari, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Wanich Suksatan, Lakshmi Thangavelu, Homayoon Siahmansouri
The vascular endothelium is a cohesive tissue that separates circulating blood from other tissues. Furthermore, apart from alignment and preservation of blood fluidity, it has multifunctional action in the delivery of nutrients and water, keeping of metabolic homeostasis, trafficking of cells, activation of immune responses, and angiogenesis [133,134]. In the TME, some factors such as chronic growth factor stimulation and hypoxia can result in endothelial dysfunction. There is intense evidence explaining that these abnormalities cause tumour progression [135]. Given that EC cells can play a role in suppressing the immune response due to inhibitory factors, this negative feedback is mostly done through an effect on immune cells such as myeloid cells, Tregs, and effector T cells [136]. Some of the tumour microenvironment components and their role in tumour development are illustrated in Figure 2.
Current status of developing tissue engineering vascular technologies
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Ryuma Iwaki, Toshihiro Shoji, Yuichi Matsuzaki, Anudari Ulziibayar, Toshiharu Shinoka
Vascular endothelium has a significant role in controlling circulatory functions such as homeostasis, permeability, defense, and remodeling. These abilities strongly relate to long-term lumen vascular graft patency. Utilizing autologous endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscles (SMCs), or a combination of these cells have been commonly utilized. In vitro endothelialization where ECs or SMCs are cultured and seeded on scaffolds prior to implantation has been well investigated. Other cell sources that have been investigated to achieve appropriate endothelialization include: Umbilical vein ECs, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells [42]. However, the viability, bioactivity, and stability of these seeded cells is not guaranteed once the graft is implanted. Moreover, in vitro cell culture consumes precious time, is cost prohibitive, and has greater risks of contamination [43]. Therefore, the in situ endothelialization of TEVGs is thought of as a feasible option. However, to date, a viable solution to the challenge of complete endothelialization has yet to be developed.
Electrophysiological characterization of the activating action of a novel liposomal nitric oxide carrier on Maxi-K channels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Irina V. Ivanova, Mariia I. Melnyk, Dariia O. Dryn, Vitalii V. Prokhorov, Alexander V. Zholos, Anatoly I. Soloviev
According to the WHO, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of disability and mortality worldwide (31%), while in low and middle income countries, which includes Ukraine, this figure exceeds 75% (https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/). One of the main mechanisms of cardiovascular disease is dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. In the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are closely related, both structurally, by myoendothelial gap junctions, and functionally. Chemical signals of the endothelial origin, and especially nitric oxide (NO), play a key signalling role in the regulation of vascular tone, and thus they control the blood pressure and blood supply to various tissues and organs. Disorders of the EC and VSMC functions lead to vascular diseases, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, the main causes of human death (Félétou and Vanhoutte 2006, Vanhoutte et al.2017).