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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Bladder
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Allan Johnston, Tarik Amer, Omar Aboumarzouk, Hashim Hashim
Superior vesical arteryFirst large anterior branch of the internal iliac arteryRuns inferior to the pelvic brimTraverses the pelvis from its sidewall medially towards the upper portion of the bladder.Supplies:Distal ureter, bladder, the proximal end of the vas deferens, seminal vesicles.Gives rise to the umbilical artery in the foetus (medial umbilical ligament in adults).
Fertilization and normal embryonic and early fetal development
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Asim Kurjak, Ritsuko K. Pooh, Aida Salihagic-Kadic, Iva Lausin, Lara Spalldi-Barisic
This enables research of longitudinal changes in embryo-nic and early uteroplacental circulation. It has been found that 3D power Doppler can clearly depict the full 3D continuation of early embryonic and umbilico-placental circulation. By adding the pulsed Doppler, pulsations from the embryonic aorta and umbilical artery can be identified as early as the 6th week of gestation. Umbilical artery is characterized by pulsations with absent end-diastolic velocities. Between the 11th and 14th weeks, diastolic velocities gradually emerge (24). Placental branches of umbilical artery are easily depicted by 3D power Doppler (12,30–39).
Non-Reassuring Fetal Status
Published in Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene, Obstetric Emergencies, 2021
Tiran Dias, Amarnath Bhide, Austin Ugwumadu
Umbilical artery doppler velocimetry is the screening test used to identify FGR secondary to suboptimal placentation in small for gestational age fetuses. Increased values of umbilical artery resistance indices are associated with pathological fetal heart rate patterns and adverse neonatal outcomes.
ST2 and galectin-3 as novel biomarkers for the prediction of future cardiovascular disease risk in preeclampsia
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Nil Atakul, Yıldız Atamer, Şahabettin Selek, Berna Kılıç, Fatmanur Koktasoglu
From the latest growth diagrams used in The Netherlands (Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on high blood pressure in pregnancy 2000), small for gestational age (SGA) has been described as below the 10th percentile birth weight. Preeclampsia was defined as de novo hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg according to ‘National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy’) (ACOG 2019; practice bulletin no. 202) after 20 GWs and at least one of the following criteria: (a) proteinuria, (b) signs of maternal organ dysfunction (liver, kidney involvement and associated complications, haematological and neurological complications) and (c) signs of uteroplacental dysfunction (intrauterine growth restriction, abnormal umbilical artery Doppler flow, stillbirth), accepted in many international guidelines (Butalia et al. 2018; ACOG 2019, practice bulletin no. 202). Intensive care unit (ICU) care admission indications among obstetric patients were eclampsia, severe PE and HELLP syndrome and/or ventilator support requirement or multiple organ failure (Trikha and Singh 2010).
Abnormal Umblical Artery Doppler is Utilized for Fetuses with Intrauterine Growth Restriction Birth at 280/7–336/7 Gestational Weeks
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2020
Emre Baser, Istemi Han Celik, Melek Bilge, Taner Kasapoglu, Dilek Ulubas Isik, Ethem Serdar Yalvac, Omer Lutfi Tapisiz, Safak Ozdemirci
The utilization of umbilical artery Doppler (UAD) is useful, easy, and a noninvasive method by which to assess the association of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with placental insufficiency in order to diminish adverse perinatal mortality and morbidity [1–4]. Abnormal umbilical artery flow is strongly associated with placental insufficiency [1, 2], which is characterized as a histopathological finding of the obliteration or narrowing of arteries in the tertiary stem villi of the placental pathology [5]. UAD conveys information about the circulation and vascular structure of placental villi [3]. More than 70% of occluded umbilical arteries are strongly associated with worsened circumstances, leading to absent or reversal of end‐diastolic flow (AREDF) [1]. AREDF produces a detrimental risk factor for neonatal mortality and morbidities [6], such as preterm birth, IUGR, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and neonatal sepsis [1–3]. In the literature, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the effects of AREDF on perinatal outcomes of preterm births between 280 and 336 gestational weeks. The aim of this study is to compare the perinatal outcomes of preterm births (280–336 gestational weeks) with IUGR according to UAD characteristics of AREDF to those with normal end-diastolic umbilical artery blood flow (NEDF). Our hypothesis is that AREDF may be directly and indirectly associated with detrimental perinatal outcomes in preterm birth with early IUGR when compared to those of NEDF.
Sirenomelia and maternal chlamydia trachomatis infection: a case report and review
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2019
Gabriella Fuchs, Ekaterina Dianova, Sunny Patel, Sonia Kamanda, Rita Prasad Verma
An autopsy was performed along with radiological studies, which showed sirenomelia sequence with absent perineal structures and a single midline fused lower extremity (Figs. 2 to 5). The abdominal aorta terminated in a large vessel, which entered the umbilicus as the umbilical artery. Additionally, two midline retroperitoneal testes with epididymides were found (Figs. 4 and 5). There were no bladder, ureters or grossly identifiable kidneys. A 2 mm focus of primitive renal parenchyma was present in the pelvic region. The consequent oligohydramnios had resulted in pulmonary hypoplasia with both lungs together weighing 7.2 g. Normal combined weight of two lungs at 30 weeks of gestation is 40 g [5]. There was no anus or cloaca, and the sigmoid colon ended blindly. Lower extremity X-ray showed absent pelvic bones, a midline bony shelf in the pelvic region, a common single thigh with proximal femur fusion, a common single leg with two separate tibias and one fibula, a common hind foot, and two separate forefeet, each with three toes and a common midline toe (Figs. 2 and 3). The baby’s complex set of malformations were deemed incompatible with survival. Cytogenetic or microarray tests were not performed whereas, placental histopathology was performed and showed no abnormalities. Placenta was not cultured for CT. The reason for initiation of preterm labor was unknown.