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General Nutritional Considerations for Chronic Hyperglycemia—Type 2 Diabetes
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
The Mediterranean diet, developed by Dr. Ancel Keys (1904–2004) in 1958, in connection with the Seven Countries Study, examined the relationship between dietary pattern and the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Greece, Italy, Spain, South Africa, Japan, and Finland. The Mediterranean diet is beneficial because of its low energy (calories); low glycemic index; high fiber content; high l-arginine; high nitrates; high levels of polyphenolics, anthocyanidins, and other antioxidants; and activation of sirtuin 1 (Chatzianagnostou, Del Turco, Pingitore et al. 2015).
Dietary Choices and the Control of Obesity
Published in Roy J. Shephard, Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
Willett and Leibel [161] criticized the simplistic conclusions that had previously been drawn from the inter-regional comparisons of Ancel Keys and his colleagues in the Seven-Countries study. They argued that people living on the supposedly idyllic Mediterranean diet were distinguished from their North American peers by many differences of lifestyle, including the availability of food and patterns of physical activity. Thus, the direct linkage of differing diets to the prevalence of obesity had little validity. Indeed, when comparisons were restricted to areas of similar economic development, there was no convincing evidence of a long-term relationship between fat intake and obesity.
Obesity and diet
Published in Clive Handler, Gerry Coghlan, Marie-Anne Essam, Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Primary Care, 2018
Clive Handler, Gerry Coghlan, Marie-Anne Essam
These are lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic fats. They are hard at room temperature. Foods rich in saturated fat are meat and dairy products, and vegetable oils, e.g. coconut, and palm oil. It has been known for more than 20 years from the landmark Seven Countries Study that there is a direct relationship between the quantity of saturated fat intake and coronary heart disease event rates. Finland, with high levels of saturated fat intake, had the highest coronary heart disease mortality and Japan, with the lowest saturated fat intake, the lowest mortality. Japanese people who migrated to the US developed higher cholesterol levels and a correspondingly higher rate of coronary heart disease events. Britain, particularly Scotland, has – compared with Mediterranean countries – a high incidence of coronary heart disease and the population has a high intake of saturated fat. An explanation for the lower coronary mortality in obese Italians compared with obese Americans is their saturated fat intake. Italians eat more olive oil and pasta, eat less animal fat, and drink more red wine than Americans who consume a diet high in saturated fat including hamburgers and hot dogs.
Modeling the Impact of Adding a Serving of Dairy Foods to the Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern Recommended by the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Julie M. Hess, Victor L. Fulgoni, Emily C. Radlowski
Defining the “Mediterranean diet” is difficult, since 21 different countries border the Mediterranean Sea and create considerable potential for variation in the description of the “Mediterranean diet” (20). Previous studies have defined the Mediterranean diet as emphasizing “vegetables, fruits and nuts, olive oil, grains (often whole grains),” with “small amounts of meats and full-fat milk and milk products” and “wine with meals” (4, 21, 22). In the 1960s, Ancel Keys’ Seven Countries Study was the first publication detailing the health benefits of a Mediterranean diet (23). Keys’ epidemiological data show an association between the traditional diet of Cretan men and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a rising cause of mortality in the United States at the time (23, 24). Since the Seven Countries Study, many more studies have provided further evidence of health benefits associated with a Mediterranean-style diet. One example is the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) trial (25). This primary prevention trial assessed the long-term effects of consuming a Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil or mixed nuts on incident cardiovascular disease in 7447 men and women older than 55 with high cardiovascular risk. PREDIMED showed a significant risk reduction in the combined end points of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular disease (25, 26). Mediterranean-style eating patterns have also been associated with reduced incidence of breast cancer, type 2 diabetes (27, 28), and a “high adult life expectancy” (7).
Age at death of major cardiovascular diseases in 13 cohorts. The seven countries study of cardiovascular diseases 45-year follow-up
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2019
Alessandro Menotti, Paolo Emilio Puddu, Hanna Tolonen, Hisashi Adachi, Anthony Kafatos, Daan Kromhout
Out of the original 16 cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, three: Dalmatia (former Yugoslavia), Slavonia (former Yugoslavia) and Rome railroad (Italy) discontinued the follow-up after 25 years while the other 13 reached at least 45 years of follow-up. Nine of the 13 cohorts were rural communities: East Finland and West Finland (Finland), Crevalcore and Montegiorgio (Italy), Velika Krsna (Serbia), Crete and Corfu (Greece), and Tanushimaru and Ushibuka (Japan). The other four cohorts were the US railroad, men from the town of Zutphen (The Netherlands), a cohort of workers in a large cooperative in Zrenjanin (Serbia) and a cohort of university professors in Belgrade (Serbia). A total of 10,628 men aged 40–59 years at baseline between 1958 and 1964 were examined and had high entry participation rates (94.8% on average). More details can be found elsewhere [7–9].
The strength of the multivariable associations of major risk factors predicting coronary heart disease mortality is homogeneous across different areas of the Seven Countries Study during 50-year follow-up
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2018
Alessandro Menotti, Paolo Emilio Puddu, Hisashi Adachi, Anthony Kafatos, Hanna Tolonen, Daan Kromhout
The Seven Countries Study of Cardiovascular Diseases enrolled in the late 1950s to early 1960s 16 population samples of middle-aged men (entry age 40 to 59 years). Details about cohorts can be found elsewhere [24,25]. Ten of the 16 cohorts were followed for mortality, survival and causes of death up to 50 years and three cohorts for 45 years. These were the US Railroad sample, two rural samples each in Finland (East and West Finland), Italy (Crevalcore and Montegiorgio) and Greece (Crete and Corfu), one sample from the town of Zutphen in the Netherlands, three in Serbia, former Yugoslavia, with 45 years of follow-up, a rural community (Velika Krsna), workers in a large agro-industrial cooperative (Zrenjanin) and professors of the University of Belgrade, and two samples in rural agricultural and fishery communities in Japan (Tanushimaru and Ushibuka) for a total of 10,628 men representing over 90% of the selected samples.