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Digital health for chronic disease management
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Kelvin K.F. Tsoi, Martin C.S. Wong
The adoption of digital solutions in health care permits all-rounded access to health information and continuous tracking of individuals’ health status, with a constant collection of individual health data. A world of health data, from generic health status information, to blood pressure data and even mobility data, could be well captured and stored using digital technology. Biometric data obtained during exercise has become increasingly important, as they are able to reflect personal fitness and health conditions, including muscular strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility and body composition. With further analysis, these data could generate precious insights for clinical diagnosis, management and even inform non-clinical decision-making, such as optimal plans for lifestyle modifications. Thereupon, such digital infrastructure contributes to the establishment of ‘Smart Health’, with a health management information system, telemedicine system and decision-making system as a whole to enhance population health.
Physical Activity in Older Adults
Published in James M. Rippe, Increasing Physical Activity, 2020
The term “sarcopenia” refers to loss of skeletal muscle and functions attributed primarily to aging although it can also occur with extreme weight loss, cancer or other wasting disease conditions (29). Physical activity has been routinely shown to slow the process of progressive sarcopenia. Regular physical activity to slow the process of sarcopenia is important throughout the lifespan but appears to be most prominent after the age of 40–50 years. Recommendations for reducing the rate of muscle loss include the following (30): Resistance training 2–3 days per week of 8–10 upper and lower body exercises utilizing strength training machines, weight lifting, bands, or body weight.Moderate or vigorous aerobic/cardiorespiratory endurance training 3–5 days per week for 30–60 minutes per session including walking, stationary outdoor cycling, swimming, or other lower impact forms of aerobic physical activity.Flexibility or balance training to reduce the risk of falls and associated musculoskeletal injuries
Exercise and Infection
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
David C. Nieman, Sandra L. Nehlsen-Cannarella
LaPerriere et al.103–105 randomly assigned 50 asymptomatic, healthy homosexual males to 10 weeks of either an aerobic exercise training or a measurement-only control group. The subjects included 12 seronegative exercisers, 10 seropositive exercisers, 11 seronegative controls, and 6 seropositive controls. The aerobic exercise training involved 45 min of stationary bicycle ergometry exercise three times per week, at an intensity of 70 to 80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate, and resulted in significant improvement in cardiorespiratory endurance. Both HIV seronegative and seropositive subjects in the exercise group showed an increase in CD4 cells, with the magnitude greater in the seronegative group (220 vs. 115 cells/mm3, respectively). Seropositive exercisers experienced a smaller decrease in NK cells than seropositive control subjects (38 vs. 170 cells/mm3, respectively). Results of this study suggest that exercise training in asymptomatic HIV positive subjects (with CD4 counts in the normal range) may attenuate the usual decrements seen in immune status and function. However, long-term studies with greater numbers of subjects are needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Effect of morning versus evening exercise training on sleep, physical activity, fitness, fatigue and quality of life in overweight and obese adults
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Oussama Saidi, Etienne Colin, Mélanie Rance, Eric Doré, Bruno Pereira, Pascale Duché
Weight did not change throughout the 12-week period in both groups (Table 4). However, significant body fat percentage (BF%) decreases and body-free fat mass (BFF) increases were noted in both groups; BF%: (95% CI −2.73, −0.56, p = .003, and 95% CI −6.42, −0.08, p = .04), and BFF: (95% CI 0.31, 3.73, p = .02, and 95% CI 0.01, 2.50, p = .04) in GM and GE, respectively. However, significant decreases in waist (95%CI −3.43, −0.14, p = .03) and hip (95%CI −5.75, −0.99, p = .01) circumferences were only observed in GM, and, respectively. Improvements in cardiorespiratory endurance measured by the 6MWT were noted in both GM and GE groups (95% CI 6.55, 23.02, p < .001, and 95% CI 5.85, 22.81, p < .001) respectively. Upper and lower limb muscular endurance as well as balance improved only in GM (all p < .05). However, no time by group effect was noted for all components of physical fitness.
The immediate and durable effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2021
Jiajin Tong, Xin Qi, Zhonghui He, Senlin Chen, Scott J. Pedersen, P. Dean Cooley, Julie Spencer-Rodgers, Shuchang He, Xiangyi Zhu
Yoga is regarded as a mind-body exercise rooted in India 4000 years ago. The term yoga means “to unite,” referring to the union of the mind, body, and spirit. It has different traditional forms (e.g., Gyan yoga, Raja yoga, and Hatha yoga20) and consists of different technical components (e.g., postures, breathing, and meditation17). Fitness refers to “the ability to perform daily tasks without fatigue” including several components: muscular endurance, muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, coordination, and speed.21 Aerobic fitness exercises have been more studied than muscular fitness related exercises for mental health intervention. Aerobic fitness exercises may include but are not limited to dancing, running, and swimming,14,15 which can improve cardiorespiratory endurance.7 It differs from yoga exercise on speed, distance, and duration. Compared to fitness exercise, yoga exercise is performed at a slower pace, moves in smaller distance, and often lasts for a longer duration.
Speed agility trends in children according to growth
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Matteo Giuriato, Roberto Codella, Nicola Lovecchio, Vittoria Carnevale Pellino, Matteo Vandoni, Alan M. Nevill
Physical fitness is a major health factor in children (Ruiz et al. 2011; Ortega et al. 2015), and it is positively associated with present and future health-related outcomes such as risk for obesity, cardiovascular disease, skeletal health and mental health (Ortega, Ruiz, et al. 2008; Castro-Piñero et al. 2010). Cardiorespiratory endurance and muscular strength are often referred to as health-related fitness and are usually associated with disease prevention and health promotion (Howley 2001). Conversely, balance, coordination, and speed-agility (SA) are described as markers of physical fitness associated with enhanced performance in sports and motor skills (Howley 2001). In particular, speed relates to the ability to perform a movement within a short period; agility relates to the ability to rapidly and accurately change the position/direction of the entire body in response to a stimulus. Balance involves the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving (Haga 2008; Lubans et al. 2010).