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The Role of Flaxseed Micronutrients and Nitric Oxide (NO) in Blood Vessel and Heart Function
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Flaxseed, 2023
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
This chapter first details the physiological components of blood circulation and its assessment critical to understanding how NO is the key to heart and blood vessel function. Then we will look at clinical reports of the benefits to eNO formation of supplementing flaxseed or its constituents, omega-3 fatty acids or L-arginine.
Lung Matters
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
The lungs are the major organs of the respiratory system, with this pulmonary circulation aiding in gaseous exchange. Each of the lungs is paired and separated into lobes, with the left lung consisting of two lobes and the right lung consisting of three lobes. Blood circulation to the lungs plays a vital role, as blood is required to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues throughout the body. Deoxygenated blood from the body is delivered to the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the capillaries that form respiratory membranes with the alveoli, where oxygen is replenished. The pulmonary veins then return newly oxygenated blood to the heart for further transport throughout the body. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems throughout the lungs coordinate both bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction of the airways. The pleural membrane that is composed of visceral and parietal pleural layers encloses the lungs. These two layers have a space between them known as the pleural cavity. The pleural membrane has mesothelial cells which create pleural fluid, serving as a lubricant to reduce friction during breathing and as an adhesive to adhere the lungs to the thoracic wall, thereby facilitating the movement of the lungs during ventilation (Baile, 1996).
Bioengineering and Ethics
Published in Howard Winet, Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists, 2021
What Vesalius did for anatomy, William Harvey (1578–1657) did for physiology (Parker 2019). From delicate experiments with live animals and careful cadaver dissection, without the benefit of a microscope, Harvey was able to collect data leading to the conclusion that veins and arteries were connected by capillaries to complete vertebrate blood circulation. He published his work in De Motu Cordis et Saguinis (1628). Taken together, the work of Vesalius and Harvey substantially ended the hold of Galen on medicine (Smith 1972).
Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis to translocate over the oral mucosa and other tissue barriers
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Caroline A. de Jongh, Teun J. de Vries, Floris J. Bikker, Susan Gibbs, Bastiaan P. Krom
P. gingivalis has been associated with multiple systemic diseases, in addition to oral disease. For this to occur, the bacterium needs a mechanism to travel from the oral cavity into the bloodstream so that it can reach other organs. Easy access into the blood stream would be via passive entry by bleeding gums, which is common in periodontitis. Considering that P. gingivalis can be found in other organs unlike many other oral microorganisms, it is plausible that P. gingivalis also has an active mechanism to enter the blood stream through epithelial layers. In addition, active translocation from the blood circulation is needed to reach other organs in the body such as the brain. Four active mechanisms have been proposed by which P. gingivalis can cross tissue barriers such as the oral mucosa.
The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the management of erectile dysfunction with diabetes and blood circulation issues
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Jong Seung Lee, Seung-ho Hong, Hwa Yeon Sun, Hyunseung Jin, Byung Yeon Yu, Yong-jin Cho, Jin young Chang, Byung Wook Yoo
Normally, problems with erection can be treated with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors (Viagra®_Sildenafil) which inhibit cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Several studies exist on the relationship between diabetes and vascular disease. Hatzichristou et al. [9], in a placebo-controlled study, showed that daily therapy with a PED-5 inhibitor is effective in improving the satisfaction associated with sexual intercourse and overall treatment satisfaction in patients with diabetes. Nevertheless, this is the first study to examine its association with capillary blood circulation. By inhibiting PDE-5, cGMP levels are prolonged, and smooth muscle relaxation is improved. Sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil are PDE-5 drugs used in clinical care. PDE5i improves the success of erectile intercourse in patients with diabetic ED [10]. To improve ED, the medication must be taken 1–2 h before sexual activity. dosage should be regulated because the high dosage can lead to side effects. The side effects of PDE-5 inhibitors include flushing, headache, indigestion, congested nose, and diarrhea. Furthermore, MI and heart attack can occur in men who take sildenafil for ED. However, a couple of studies have found these medications to be highly tolerable while being safe and effective for coronary artery disease [11].
Modification of sodium aescinate into a safer, more stable and effective water-soluble drug by liposome-encapsulation: an in vitro and in vivo study
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sifan Huang, Xinyu Wang, Mengmeng Liu, Zhizhe Lin, Wenqian Gu, Haili Zhao, Yanqiu Zhang, Baoyue Ding, Jiyong Liu, Xin Wu, Wei Fan, Jianming Chen
The liniment, gel, tablet and injection forms of SA have been widely used in clinical practice. Among them, SA liniment and gel for external use show good therapeutic effects on ecchymosis, sprain, crush injury and other local surface injuries. However, external preparations have certain limitations. for instance, they cannot provide in-depth treatment for various vascular diseases caused by local blood circulation disorders. In addition, they cannot be used on the damaged skin and mucous membrane (Lang, 1974; 1977). SA tablet is easy to be administered orally, but its poor absorption and low bioavailability limit its use (Lang & Mennicke, 1972; Wu et al., 2012). SA-I has the advantages of rapid action and a long maintenance time of the biological effect. It can effectively treat and prevent postoperative edema and alleviate pain of the patient (Wang et al., 2016; Liyou et al., 2018). However, IV (IV) injection of SA-I can cause pain in the injection site because of the strong irritation of septate sodium to blood vessels, and prolonged medication may cause phlebitis. Meticulous observation is therefore necessary during infusion to prevent fluid leakage to surrounding tissues, causing red swelling. In addition, it is not convenient to prepare SA-I because bubbles are likely to appear during preparation (Feng et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2014).