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Systemic Illnesses (Diabetes Mellitus, Sarcoidosis, Alcoholism, and Porphyrias)
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Chronic complications of diabetes affect many organ systems and can generally be divided into vascular and nonvascular complications. Vascular complications are more common and include retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It is thought that the high percentage of patients who present with complications on diagnosis of diabetes reflects delayed diagnosis, and neuropathy may be the presenting symptom in many of these patients.6
Personalized Nutrition in Hypercholesterolemia
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Aktarul Islam Siddique, Nalini Namasivayam
Atherosclerosis, the most common underlying cause of many CVDs, is characterized by lipid and cholesterol deposition on the inner lining of blood vessels, resulting in plaque formation and eventual narrowing of the lumen (Ross 1999). It is by far the most recurrent underlying cause of coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis alone is hardly fatal. When thrombosis occurs, it is superimposed on a ruptured or eroded atherosclerotic plaque, and thus precipitates the lifethreatening clinical events such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke (Naghavi, Libby et al. 2003; Spagnoli, Mauriello et al. 2004).
Hypertension Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease
Published in Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Anna F. Dominiczak, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, 2019
It has repeatedly been recognized that physicians – both general practitioners and specialists – underestimate the impact of peripheral artery disease (PAD) on the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. Physicians tend to forget that PAD by itself most often is due to atherosclerosis, which in many cases is a polyvascular disease. As a consequence, one should keep in mind that PAD, even when asymptomatic, carries a high risk for developing cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality (1,2). Hypertension, when present in PAD patients, further increases such risk. Thus it is not difficult to understand why the total CV risk often is surprisingly high when PAD and hypertension coexist. Therefore, we should concentrate all our efforts to detect PAD in the population, especially when high blood pressure is also present.
COVID-19: quarantine, isolation, and lifestyle diseases
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Heena Rehman, Md Iftekhar Ahmad
Cardiovascular diseases include aneurysm, angina, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, embolism, ischaemia, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, plaque, stroke, and thrombosis. Several factors might cause atherosclerosis such as shear stress (Gibson et al. 1993) and abnormal blood lipids. The ultra-processed foods and fast foods especially have high levels of VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins) and LDL (low-density lipoproteins), which promote molecular changes in macrophages and endothelial cells lead to the development of plaque (Ghesquiere et al. 2005). These foods have low HDL (high-density lipoproteins), which inhibit the oxidation of LDL, plaque accumulation, and inflammation. People suffering from type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome have elevated VLDL and low HDL levels (Erkelens 1998). Obesity is also associated with insulin resistance, reduced LDL size, low, HDL levels, elevated blood triglycerides, hypertension, and insulin resistance. The adipose tissue produces several blood clotting factors and inflammatory mediators which raises the risk of heart attack and atherosclerosis.
Circadian rhythms of risk factors and management in atherosclerotic and hypertensive vascular disease: Modern chronobiological perspectives of an ancient disease
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Yong-Jian Geng, Michael H. Smolensky, Oliver Sum-Ping, Ramon Hermida, Richard J. Castriotta
The histological properties and inflammatory characteristics of arterial plaque formation, calcification and ossification were initially described in 1848 by the renowned German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (Virchow 1989). Atherosclerosis is viewed as a chronic disease of “modern” times, i.e., of developed societies and countries, such as the United States and Europe. Indeed, the prevalence of atherosclerosis and its complications, e.g., AMI, IS and HS, are higher in developed than in developing societies, even though during the past few decades, the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been gradually declining with the elaboration and application of increasingly effective therapeutic and preventive management strategies (Herrington et al. 2016). Elevated atherosclerotic-associated coronary and cerebral arterial morbidity and mortality are also prevalent in developing countries undergoing rapid economic growth, such as China and India. Atherosclerosis is often undiagnosed until clinical symptoms present or a cardio/cerebrovascular event occurs. Therefore, the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis may be underestimated. Nonetheless, life-threatening complications of advance atherosclerosis, namely myocardial and cerebral infarction, AMI, IS and HS, appear to be higher in developed than in developing societies.
Liver X receptor: a potential target in the treatment of atherosclerosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2022
Shreya R. Savla, Kedar S Prabhavalkar, Lokesh K Bhatt
Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the number 1 causative factor of death worldwide despite the advances in medicine and drug development [1]. Atherosclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory disorder of the medium and large arteries and leads to cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, carotid artery disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. A gradual buildup of plaques occluding the subendothelial intimal layer of blood vessels results in stenosis, thus restricting blood flow and causing tissue hypoxia. In the developmental phase, the growing atheroma plaque remains stable. However, during disease progression, the vulnerability of the plaque increases, making it increasingly unstable. Terminal stages exhibit plaque rupture, leading to thrombosis and vessel occlusion. Current clinical therapies, focusing majorly on amelioration of atherosclerotic complications, are limited to drugs causing a reduction in the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol [2]. However, the contribution of this multifactorial disorder to global mortality warrants the need for new targeted therapies aimed at preventing and reducing the plaque burden in patients with CVDs [3].