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Clinical Trials of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Blood vessels are primarily composed of two cell types: endothelial cells, lining the inside and smooth muscle cells, covering the outside. While angiogenesis research has generally been focused on these two vascular cell types, recent evidence indicates that the bone marrow may also contribute to this process, both in the embryo and the adult. Following commitment to the endothelial lineage, marrow-derived angioblasts assemble into a primitive vascular plexus of veins and arteries, a process called vasculogenesis. This primitive vasculature is subsequently refined into a functional network by angiogenesis (vascular sprouting from preexisting vessels, vascular fusion and intussusception) and by remodeling and muscularization (arteriogenesis) of newly formed vessels.1
Prognosis of essential hypertension progression in patients with abdominal obesity
Published in Waldemar Wójcik, Sergii Pavlov, Maksat Kalimoldayev, Information Technology in Medical Diagnostics II, 2019
S.M. Koval, I.O. Snihurska, O. Vysotska, H.M. Strashnenko, W. Wójcik, K. Dassibekov
According to the recent data, the system of angio-arteriogenicity plays an extremely important role in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases (Kram & Back 2017, Potente et al. 2011). In patients with EH, including against a background of various metabolic disorders, the signs of activation of angio – and arteriogenesis have been detected (Ferroni et al. 2012). Such an activation of angio – and arteriogenesis in hypertension may be primarily due to the compensatory reaction in response to development of tissue hypoxia and pathological vascular remodelling (Ferroni et al. 2012, Kram & Back 2017). On the other hand, it has been shown that even at AO itself, an increase in the production of proangiogenic and proarteriogenic factors is observed. One of the main causes for this activation is an increase in the number of adipocytes and the adipose tissue, which leads to its hypoxia development (Grassu et al. 2010, Ye 2009).
Imaging Angiogenesis
Published in George C. Kagadis, Nancy L. Ford, Dimitrios N. Karnabatidis, George K. Loudos, Handbook of Small Animal Imaging, 2018
Several other potential avenues to assess angiogenic process in both the cardiovascular system and tumor have been recently proposed. These include the detection of HIF-1a activation, monitoring of the influx of blood-derived macrophages, monocytes, or circulating endothelial precursor cells, and expression of other markers involved in the maturation of developed neovasculature, such as ephrins, ephrin receptors, and semaphorins. Specifically, both monocytes and circulating endothelial precursor cells have been found to play pivotal roles in the stimulation of new vessel growth by releasing growth factors, proteases, and chemokines, which contribute not only to the angiogenesis but also to the collateral growth by recruiting other circulating cells such as T cells and bone-marrow-derived cells. Finally, tissue-derived stem cells and paracrine functions of other pluripotent progenitor cells also play an integral role in the cascade of events leading to both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis (Fam et al. 2003; Iagaru and Gambhir 2013).
Effects of Educated Monocytes with Xenogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell–Derived Conditioned Medium in a Mouse Model of Chronic Asthma
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Hadi Esmaili Gourvarchin Galeh, Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani, Nahideh Afzale Ahangaran, Siamak Naji Hadai
Cell therapy with MSCs has some limitation. For example, the efficacy of implanted MSCs is highly dependent on the environmental inflammatory conditions (Kim and Cho, 2015). Due to these possible limitations, we used MCM for the education of monocytes. Intravenous injection of monocytes is a valuable procedure for cell transplantation (Wagner et al., 2014). Previous documents showed that intravenously injected of monocytes can augment the collateral vessel growth in a rabbit model of arteriogenesis (Herold et al., 2004). Also, the perfusion of bone marrow–derived monocytes into BALB/c mice 24 h after femoral artery ligation can augment the arteriogenesis in a murine model of femoral artery ligation (Herold et al., 2004; Wagner et al., 2014). Interestingly, it has been reported that the intravenous injection of monocytes can transmigrate across the intact blood–brain barrier and into the CNS (Wu et al., 2006). Accordingly, we used the intravenous route for monocyte therapy.
Preparing the spinal cord – priming or preconditioning? A systematic review of experimental studies
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2023
Johanna Herajärvi, Tatu Juvonen
Arteriogenesis is defined as rapid local recruitment of the capillary bad leading to its differentiation into new collateral arteries [97]. The main trigger of arteriogenesis is not ischemia but increased arterial shear stress in combination with local inflammation (monocytes, lymphocytes, intracellular adhesion molecules and other inflammatory agents) [97,99,100]. The multifactorial process of arteriogenesis involves activation of endothelium, attraction and invasion of circulating cells, creation of inflammatory environment, proliferation and remodeling phases, changes of basal membrane and extracellular matrix resulting in replacement of the old structures [97,100]. Notably, arteriogenesis depends on the organ or vascular region involved, since metabolic needs, oxygen availability, oxygen radicals and shear stress have species-dependent differences [22,100]. In hind limb artery occlusion studies of rabbits and rats the time span for vascular remodeling has been suggested to occur in 7 days and up to 3 weeks. In neural tissue some capillary proliferation occurs 5–7 days after ligation and doubling of diameter in collateral arterioles is detected 30 days later [100]. In a rat model of triggering cerebral arteriogenesis 7–14 days showed clear changes in cerebral collaterals via magnetic resonance imaging assessing blood flow and vessel length and diameter in addition to immunohistochemistry findings [101]. The cell types involved in arteriogenesis derive from at least two signaling pathways: bone marrow-derived cells for remodeling and another signaling pathway causing endothelial and smooth muscle cells to enter the cell cycle leading to proliferation [99].
Therapeutic angiogenesis in coronary artery disease: a review of mechanisms and current approaches
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Bharat Narasimhan, Harish Narasimhan, Marta Lorente-Ros, Francisco Jose Romeo, Kirtipal Bhatia, Wilbert S. Aronow
Several physiological and pathological triggers lead to the biological phenomenon of ‘angiogenesis.’ The development and growth of blood vessels occurs through three different, albeit related processes – 1) angiogenesis, or capillary sprouting, which involves the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting ones; 2) arteriogenesis or rapid proliferation of collateral arteries, resulting in remodeling and growth of vessels from a preexisting arteriolar network and 3) vasculogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels de novo, regulated by stem cells termed endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) [6–9]. Though distinct, all three of the aforementioned processes often occur in tandem during periods of vessel growth.