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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The thorax contains the lungs, heart, great vessels, and thymus gland surrounded by the ribs, rib cartilages, sternum, vertebral spine, and associated joints, ligaments, and muscles. Outside of the chest cavity are attached the scapulae, clavicles, and shoulder musculature. Because they are closer to the skin surface, the superficial structures block heat conduction from further inside the chest. The lungs, being constantly perfused with core blood, warm the chest wall by conduction. Pathology that reduces pulmonary blood flow reduces the temperatures detected over the outer chest wall. Increased chest wall temperatures may be seen over intrathoracic infections or tumors. Images of intrathoracic inflammation may show NO diffusing between the ribs. The ribs and their associated cartilages are seen thermographically in lean individuals where overlying structures are not present (Figure 10.55). The breasts in females may obscure findings over the anterior thoracic cage. Obesity in either sex may also hide thermographic details.
The Phrenic Nerves, Diaphragm and Pericardium.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
(ii) In the thorax there are many causes including: - direct involvement by lung tumours arising in the lingula or middle lobe; secondary involvement by tumour deposits in anteriorly situated hilar or upper mediastinal nodes and surgical damage due to tumour resection, crushing, diathermy, ligature, excessive cooling (including use of the cryoprobe - Illus. PHRENIC N & PALSY, Elevated diaph Pt. 4), etc.
Thoracic Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The thorax contains the heart, lungs, great vessels (aorta, inferior and superior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins), lower trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct. The lower ribs overlie the ‘intrathoracic abdomen’, including the liver, spleen and biliary apparatus. The bulk of the thoracic volume is taken up by the two lungs, with the mediastinum—principally the heart and great vessels—between them. Each lung is cloaked in visceral pleura, which is continuous with the parietal pleura that lines the thoracic cage. A tiny amount of fluid between the two layers lubricates the movements of the lungs. The pressure gradient required to generate inspiratory flow is achieved largely by flattening the diaphragm to increase the volume of the thorax, creating a sub-atmospheric pressure in the lungs. During expiration the intra-alveolar pressure becomes slightly higher than atmospheric pressure and gas flow to the mouth results. The normal adult respiratory rate is 12–16 breaths per minute with a tidal volume (the normal amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath at rest) of around 500 mL.
Adipose tissue provides a cushioning effect in low-energy isolated blunt thoracic trauma: a prospective observational study
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2023
Talha Dogruyol, Sinem Dogruyol
The subcutaneous tissue over the thorax has been reported to be protective during trauma by only a single study in the literature. In that study, the authors investigated acute respiratory distress syndrome frequency in patients with critical trauma. However, the calculations to determine thoracic adiposity were based on only BMI values. The authors stated that an abundance of subcutaneous fat might provide a cushion and lessen pulmonary injury [4]. We found that patients with lower SATT measurements over the thorax had more TRI due to thoracic trauma. Besides, the length of stay for these patients was also significantly longer than those with higher SATT measurements. We believe that, just like in the abdominal region, the subcutaneous tissue over the thorax functions as a ‘cushion’ in blunt trauma. This subcutaneous tissue surrounding the thorax may act as a protective cover for the rigid thoracic structures.
Effect of muscle distribution on lung function in young adults
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Wenbo Shu, Mengchi Chen, Zhengyi Xie, Liqian Huang, Binbin Huang, Peng Liu
Large organs and small tissue cells need oxygen to maintain metabolism. Pilarski et al. (2019) explained a considerable number of “respiratory” muscles from the perspectives of anatomy, developmental origin, innervation, and activation methods. When naming muscles, people called some muscles that obviously caused inhalation or exhalation as respiratory muscles, such as diaphragm, abdominal muscles, intercostal muscles, etc. There was no doubt that these muscles have a strong relationship with lung capacity. In fact, there were quite a few muscles in the human body that also cause changes in the thorax when they contracted, or muscle contractions caused a lot of energy and oxygen consumption, which can also stimulate and enhance breathing. This part of the muscle was also related to the lung capacity, but it was called the non-respiratory muscle. When the body was in a high aerobic state, many non-respiratory muscles could also assist physical strength to enhance breathing while the respiratory muscles and non-respiratory muscles were artificially divided (Pilarski et al. 2019). As such, in addition to oxidative respiration, human muscles also directly or indirectly participate in breathing exercises (Pilarski et al. 2019). We believe that TMM is essential for the maintenance of VC.
Surgical Treatment of Cervicothoracic Junction Lesions in Children: A Series of 18 Cases
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yanzhen Li, Shengcai Wang, Jun Tai, Qi Zeng, Jie Zhang, Yuanhu Liu, Wentong Ge, Yuzhang Huang, Xuexi Zhang, Qiaoyin Liu, Nian Sun, Chenghao Chen, Xin Ni
The cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) is unique in its anatomy. The great vessels and other structures of the thorax can make the anatomy complicated. Surgical treatment in this region is therefore challenging, and a number of techniques for exposing the anterior CTJ have been described. In adult spine surgery, the anterior approach to the CTJ includes low cervical [1,2], transclavicular, transmanubrial [3,4], transsternal, modified transsternal approaches [5–7], combined cervical and thoracic [8], and transthoracic approaches [9]. Although it allows a wide exposure of the CTJ, the sternal splitting approach and related approaches in which the sternum, manubrium, or the clavicle is osteotomized, are associated with significant morbidity [10, 11]. Many surgeons agree that sternal splitting or other related osteotomies should be avoided if possible.