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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Supernumerary nipples are congenital growths that occur over the lower chest wall and abdomen, almost always caudal to the main breast nipple. They may occur singly or in multiples, extending in a line down the chest and abdomen. Unless inflamed, they appear as distinct cool spots on the thorax (Figure 10.60b). Males as well as females may have supernumerary nipples. These extra nipples may be surrounded by a visible areola. Supernumerary nipples are rarely cancerous, but they should be watched for inflammation, growth, or development of masses.164
The breast
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Supernumerary nipples are not uncommon and occur along a line extending from the anterior fold of the axilla to the fold of the groin (Figure53.9). This constitutes the milk line of lower mammals. Rarely, there is duplication of the nipple on a normal areola.
Clinical anatomy of the newborn
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
Mark D. Stringer, S. Ali Mirjalili
At birth, breast tissue is similarly developed in girls and boys. It may appear prominent due to the influence of maternal hormones, even leading to the secretion of a small amount of fluid (witch’s milk). Supernumerary nipple(s) may be found along the mammary ridges (milk lines), which extend from the axilla to the groin.
KCTD1 and Scalp-Ear-Nipple (‘Finlay–Marks’) syndrome may be associated with myopia and Thin basement membrane nephropathy through an effect on the collagen IV α3 and α4 chains
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2023
Dongmao Wang, Paul Trevillian, Stephen May, Peter Diakumis, Yanyan Wang, Deb Colville, Melanie Bahlo, Una Greferath, Erica Fletcher, Barbara Young, Heather G. Mack, Judy Savige
KCTD1 is a transcriptional repressor or activator of TFAP2α, TFAP2β, and TFAP2γ (10). Mutations in the TFAP2 genes inform our understanding of the mechanisms underlying KCTD1 mutations. TFAP2A mutations result in the Branchio-Oculo-Facial syndrome (OMIM 113,620), with branchial and periauricular skin defects, and sometimes microophthalmia or anopthalmia, coloboma, hypertelorism, cleft lip, cleft palate, prominent ears, and hearing loss (11). Renal cysts and aplasia may occur. Mutations in the TFAP2B gene result in Char syndrome (12) (OMIM 169,100), with facial abnormalities, patent ductus arteriosus, and aplasia/hypoplasia of the fifth finger middle phalanges (13) together with hearing loss, multiple nipples (14), syndactyly (15,16), and sometimes myopia (17), strabismus (squint) (17) and coloboma. There may be supernumerary nipples (14), and absent second and third molar teeth (17,18). Mice with a targeted loss of Tfap2β have multiple renal cysts (19). The effects of TFAP2C on apoptosis and Wnt signalling may also contribute to kidney cyst formation (20).
Francis Forster, the last Horseman: A career in academic neurology
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
Gutmann, for example, later doubted Forster’s diagnosis of syringomyelia in a myelopathic patient after Forster had supported the diagnosis by noting the man’s two supernumerary nipples (Gutmann, 2005). Forster had explained that the two conditions were strongly associated and both had a genetic basis. Gutmann subsequently “spent decades looking for my next case of syrinx and supernumerary nipples” (2005) without success, and so came to believe that Forster had simply concocted the diagnosis. However, in the section on syringomyelia in Modern Therapy in Neurology (1957), which Forster had edited (and which antedated the event in question), his Georgetown University colleague and fellow neurologist, Thomas L. Auth (c1925–2000), wrote: “The patients often have associated congenital deformities, such as high palatal arches and supernumerary nipples or cervical ribs, which lead one to think of this as a congenital disorder of the spinal cord” (Auth 1957, p. 590). Furthermore, Forster had trained with H. Houston Merritt, and in Merritt’s A Textbook of Neurology (1955), Merritt had written in the section on syringomyelia and syringobulbia: The frequent association of syringomyelia with other congenital defects—spina bifida, cranial malformations, Klippel-Feil syndrome, platybasia, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, club feet, cervical ribs, polythelia [supernumerary nipples4Polythelia refers to additional nipples alone, whereas polymastia denotes the much rarer presence of additional mammary glands.], scoliosis, or web toes—makes it probable that the changes in the spinal cord and brain stem are also related to a defect in the development of these structures. (Merritt, 1955, p. 476)5Chris Boes had previously pointed out Merritt’s remarks on the association of syringomyelia and polythelia in an email to Gutmann on Febrary 27, 2018: “In the first edition of Merritt’s textbook, he mentions the association of syringomyelia and polythelia. I bet Forster learned that from Merritt.” Personal communication from Chris Boes, April 9, 2018.