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Why breastfeeding matters
Published in Amy Brown, Wendy Jones, A Guide to Supporting Breastfeeding for the Medical Profession, 2019
The first milks developed around 250 million years ago, most likely as an evolutionary selection for mothers who could produce a fluid from their ventral surfaces to hydrate their eggs in an arid environment. If there was also passive transfer of immune-protective factors through that fluid, then those developing eggs had a selective advantage against harmful pathogens. Over time, postnatal suckling developed and mammals developed nipples along the so-called milk line. Even now, after millennia of humans just having two breasts, children of either sex being born with an additional nipple along the ventral chest or abdominal wall is not uncommon.
Breast disorders in children and adolescents
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Nirupama K. De Silva, Monica Henning
Development of the breast begins at approximately 35 days of gestation, when the ectoderm on the anterior body wall thickens into a ridge known as the “milk line,” “milk ridge,” or “Hughes lines.”3 This ridge of tissue extends from the area of the developing axilla to the area of the developing inguinal canal. The ridge above and below the area of the pectoralis muscle recedes while in utero between weeks 7 and 10,4 leaving the mammary primordium, which is the origin of the lactiferous ducts.5,6 The initial lactiferous ducts form between week 10 and 20 and become interspersed through the developing mesenchyme, which becomes the fibrous and fatty portions of the breast.6 Finally, the areola develops at a pectoral position along the milk line at 20 weeks’ gestation, while the nipple appears later in development.4
The female reproductive system
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
The breast is a highly developed sweat gland, which has acquired a specialised function. Although there are usually two breasts in humans, accessory breasts occasionally develop along the ‘milk line’, which extends from the axilla to the inner surfaces of the thigh. Occasionally, a breast fails to develop – a condition known as amazia.
Primary ectopic lobular breast cancer of the vulva: case report and review of literature
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2020
Luka Matak, Branko Dukić, Tvrtko Tupek, Nataša Lisica-Šikić, Mislav Mikuš
Ectopic breast tissue is found along the primitive embryonic milk lines, which extend from axilla to the groin (Irvin et al. 1999). To-date, there have been 29 reported cases in English literature of primary ectopic breast cancer (PEBC) in the vulva. Different databases such as MedLine, MeSH, Cochrane, Embase, Clinical Queries and PubMed have been analysed. Ectopic breast cancer, breast cancer of the vulva and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) were the key words we used for investigating databases, selecting only case reports with PEBC of the vulva. The exclusion criteria were: synchronous vulvar and breast diseases, distant metastasis from primary breast cancer, ‘breast like’ cancer of the vulva and existence of another cancer in time of diagnosis. Here, we present the first reported case of primary lobular ectopic breast cancer (PLEBC) found in the vulva with a median localisation (above the clitoris) following a negative SLNB and a 10-year disease-free period. The first SLNB in PEBC of the vulva was performed 2007 in Barcelona (Martinez-Palones et al. 2007).
Extramammary orbital myofibroblastoma: a rare orbital tumor
Published in Orbit, 2021
Sinha Dimpi, Sharma Sukrity, Kale Sudhir Kumar, Gorur Mohammed Imran, Kaur Tripti
Occurrence of extra-mammary myofibroblastomas was first described in 2001 in a case series of 9 lesions.2 They are usually found along embryonic milk line from mid axilla to inguinal region.2,3 Lesions occurring outside the milk line are also reported in the literature. The lesions have been described to occur in thigh, liver, prostate, popliteal fossa, buttock, and brain.3–8 Previous reported cases describe a slight male predominance with an average age of presentation~52.5 years.