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Ovarian Cysts
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Dana Elborno, Sari Kives, S. Paige Hertweck
Signs of precocious pubertyBreast developmentVaginal discharge or bleeding
Hormonal physiology of lactation
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, Jennifer Silk
Female breast development begins in utero during embryogenesis, matures during puberty, and differentiates during pregnancy and subsequent lactation. Mammary glands develop from the ectodermal ridge beginning as early as 7 weeks gestation.1 During puberty, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) influence breast development.
Breast disorders in children and adolescents
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Nirupama K. De Silva, Monica Henning
Lack of initiation of breast development by age 13 is considered delayed.7 Complete absence of the breast and nipple-areolar complex, or amastia, is rare and is thought to occur from lack of formation or obliteration of the milk line.5 Hypomastia is a deficiency in mammary tissue.
The Measurement of Female Early Adolescent Sexual Desire
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Anne E. Norris, Ariel U. Smith, Dina Ferranti, Hye Jeong Choi
First, pubertal change (i.e., number of overt physical changes associated with puberty) was used as a proxy measure for androgen levels and was expected to correlate with EASD scores, because of the correlation between androgen and DESQ scores in adult women (e.g., Chadwick, Burke, Goldey, van Anders et al., 2017). It is possible to use the reported number of both androgen-mediated (e.g., axillary hair) and non-androgen-mediated overt physical pubertal changes (e.g., breast development, menstruation, and increases in height) as proxies, because the period of rising androgen levels overlaps with that of estrogen and growth hormone levels during female early adolescence (Ducharme & Collu, 1982). However, androgen levels continue to rise after overt physical changes in puberty end (Udry et al., 1986). Thus, we expected the correlation between EASD and pubertal change to decline at particular points. For example, dramatic changes in breast development occur in most girls by early eighth grade (i.e., ages 12–13; see also Eckert-Lind et al.’s, 2020; Lee et al.’s, 2019 reviews), after completion of both menarche (i.e., ages 11–12; Finer & Philbin, 2014; Hammer et al., 1991) and the pubertal growth spurt (Gluckman & Hanson, 2006). Hence, the seventh grade Spring correlation should be significantly higher than (a) the eighth grade correlation, corresponding to most girls having experienced menarche, and (b) the ninth grade correlation, corresponding to a continued increase in the number of girls having experienced menarche.
Determination of estrone sulfate, testosterone, androstenedione, DHEAS, cortisol, cortisone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone by LC-MS/MS in children and adolescents
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2020
Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren, Mats X. Andersson, Jovanna Dahlgren
In 187 samples from children and adolescents (85 females and 102 males), puberty stages (estimated by pediatricians) were registered for studying steroid changes during pubertal development. These individuals were seemingly healthy, non-obese and not subject to sex hormone replacement therapy, contraceptive pills or puberty blockers. Pathological conditions such as anorexia nervosa, CAH, precocious or delayed puberty, PCOS, gynecomastia and chromosomal disorders were excluded. Individuals coming as immigrants to Sweden recent years were also excluded. In females, breast development was assessed according to Tanner [26]. In males, testicular volumes were determined by orchidometer [27] and classified into different stages based on testosterone secretion during puberty [28]. Informed consent was obtained, in accordance with the Swedish Biobank Act (Biobankslagen SFS 2002: 297), in the form of parental agreement to the inclusion of their child’s samples and data at referral in a biobank.
Identification of rare missense mutations in NOTCH2 and HERC2 associated with familial central precocious puberty via whole-exome sequencing
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020
Hae Sang Lee, Hwal Rim Jeong, Jung Gi Rho, Chang Dae Kum, Kyung Hee Kim, Do Wan Kim, Jae Youn Cheong, Seon-Yong Jeong, Jin Soon Hwang
NOTCH2 and HERC2 missense variants were identified in two siblings with CPP. Their father and mother each had a missense variant in either the NOTCH2 or HERC2 genes (Figure 1). The proband was referred to our department at the age of 8.8 years because of breast enlargement, which had started 1 year earlier. A physical examination showed Tanner stage III for breast development, and Tanner stage I for pubic hair growth. Her height and weight were within the normal range for her age (height 138.7 cm, 1.5 height standard deviation score (SDS) and weight 30.5 kg, 0.47 weight SDS). Bone age was 11.5 years according to the Greulich and Pyle method. Basal LH and FSH levels were 1.4 IU/l and 7.2 IU/l, respectively. On GnRH stimulation testing, a LH peak level of 13.4 IU/l and an FSH peak level of 8.7 IU/l, were observed, respectively. Her younger sister was also referred for breast development when she was 8.2 years. She exhibited breast development 6 months prior. Her bone age was 10.5 years, and physical examination showed Tanner stage II for breast development and Tanner stage I for pubic hair growth. GnRH stimulation testing was performed at 8.7 years of age, and hormonal levels revealed activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. Their father’s height was within normal range (173 cm and 0.1 SDS, on the basis of the Korean National Growth Chart). Their mother’s height was 153 cm (−1.52 SDS) and her menarche was at approximately 10 years of age, which is earlier than the average menarcheal age in the Korean population. However, she was unable to recall precisely her pubertal history.