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Comparative Immunology
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
As lactation proceeds, the secretions of the mammary gland gradually change from colostrum to milk. Milk is rich in IgA. Thus when a young animal suckles it receives significant amounts of IgA. This IgA is protective in the intestine and thus protects young animals against enteric infection. Thus naturally suckled animals of all species suffer from significantly less diarrheal disease than young animals weaned early.
Hormonal physiology of lactation
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Rawan El-Amin, Loren Custer, Jennifer Silk
Breast tissue is comprised of epithelial and stromal components. The epithelial component contains branching ducts to connect the lobules to the nipple. Each mammary gland is composed of lobes containing lobules with numerous alveoli. The epithelium of the alveoli produces milk. The alveoli are surrounded by myoepithelial cells, which contract and allow milk flow along the ducts of the nipple. The stroma contains adipose and fibrous connective tissue.
Breast Imaging with 99mTc-Tetrofosmin
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Enrico del Vecchio, Luigi Mansi, Pier Francesco Rambaldi, Vincenzo Cuccurullo, Biagio Pecori, Mario Quarantelli, Decio Capobianco, Marco Bresciani
Concerning quantitative analysis, we demonstrated in the analysis of 27 patients that T/Bkg ratios are significantly higher in lateral and prone projections than in anterior views. Values of 1.31 ±0.21, 1.68 ± 0.20, and 1.59 ± 0.10 have been obtained respectively for anterior, lateral in lateral recumbence, and prone projection. Although differences between lateral and prone projections did not reach statistical significance in this group of patients, higher T/Bkg ratios in lateral view have been obtained for tumors located in superior or medial hemi spheres. Moreover, differences have been found in tumors located in the left breast (1.7 ± 0.35 vs. 1.5 ± 0.08) but not in the right mammary gland.
Decorin inhibits the formation of hard nodules after microwave ablation by inhibiting the TGF-β1/SMAD and MAPK signaling pathways: in a Bama miniature pig model of mammary gland hyperplasia
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Yue Du, Xinyao Liu, Kai Du, Wenkai Zhang, Rui Li, Lizhi Yang, Linggang Cheng, Wen He, Wei Zhang
Benign breast lesions (e.g. fibroadenoma and mammary gland hyperplasia) are the most common diseases in adult women, and approximately 80% of breast nodules with biopsy indications are confirmed to be benign after pathological diagnosis [1,2]. A minority of nodules disappear spontaneously without treatment, but some of them are superficial, readily palpable, or accompanied by symptoms such as pain, swelling, or nipple discharge. In addition, some patients are worried about the enlargement of the nodules and the risk of malignancy in some pathological types and also suffer from a degree of psychological burden. There is, therefore, still a need for treatment in a large number of patients [3–5]. Although surgery is considered one of the most commonly used methods, it often results in problems such as bleeding, hematoma, difficulty in completely removing all lesions, and scar formation. How to treat benign breast lesions in a minimally invasive, effective, and safe manner is still a matter of debate, and ablation therapy is generally considered to be a better alternative to surgical procedures.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics related with hyperprolactinaemia in psychiatric clinical population
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022
D. A. Coronel, F. R. De la Peña, L. Palacios-Cruz, D. Cuevas, S. Duran
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is secreted by the lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Its main role is to induce the secretion of milk in the mammary glands although wide evidence has been gathered over its participation in cerebral, metabolic and autoimmune functions (Cabrera-Reyes et al., 2017). The PRL physiological feedback is regulated for the inhibitory action of dopamine which is the main regulator in the synthesis and PRL liberation (Ben-Jonathan & Hnasko, 2001). Hyperprolactinaemia (HyperPRL) is a common endocrinological disorder with a prevalence reported of 4% in the general population and up to 70% and 90% in the psychiatric population (Melmed et al., 2011; Pigato et al., 2015). HyperPRL can be defined as a mean serum concentration above 20 ng/mL in men and above 25 ng/mL in women although variability can exist according to the laboratory essay (Chahal & Schlechte, 2008). HyperPRL may be due to physiological or pathological causes. Among the first ones, pregnancy, lactation or psychological stress are included; among the second ones, the use of psychotropic drugs, the presence of pituitary gland tumour (prolactinoma), hypothyroidism, chest trauma, oestrogen use, alterations in the liver and kidney function are related respectively (Chahal & Schlechte, 2008; David et al., 2000; Schlechte, 2003).
Preclinical pharmacokinetics, CYP phenotyping, and tissue distribution study of novel anti-breast cancer candidate S-011-1559
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Sarvesh Kumar Verma, Arpon Biswas, Mukesh Kumar, Anjali Mishra, Abhijit Deb Choudhury, Sristi Agrawal, Sachin Nashik Sanap, Amol Chhatrapati Bisen, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Gautam Panda, Rabi Sankar Bhatta
Currently, medication research for the treatment of breast cancer is heavily centred on the development of pharmaceuticals that work against a specific biological target (mammary gland) with high potency, selectivity, as well as innovative therapies towards other metastatic organs (Masoud and Pagès 2017). The most notable target for breast cancer and lung cancer therapy is the oestrogen receptor (ER), which plays a key role in the treatment (Stabile et al. 2005). In prior research (Jana et al. 2021), S-011-1559 developed by CSIR-CDRI showed a larger significant impact on breast cancer than general chemotherapeutic medicines with some preliminary therapeutic activity in lung cancer when studied in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of pipeline drug S011-1559 in detail yet remains to be explored.