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The breasts
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Congenital abnormalities of the breast are rare, with the exception of accessory breast parenchyma (polymastia) and accessory nipples (polythelia). Ectopic breast tissue is seen in 1%–6% adults, more commonly in women. Ectopic breast tissue is often bilateral and can present anywhere along the milk line, most commonly in the axilla. It has been suggested that there is a familiar autosomal dominant predisposition, as 6%–12% of patients have a close relative with the same condition. Ectopic breast tissue may present during pregnancy as swelling, but the main relevance is that benign and malignant breast conditions can arise and may be misdiagnosed.
Breast disorders in children and adolescents
Published in Joseph S. Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Veronica Gomez-Lobo, Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent GynecologySecond Edition, 2019
Nirupama K. De Silva, Monica Henning
Supernumerary breast tissue, most commonly accessory nipples, occurs in approximately 1%–2% of the population.3,5 A complete accessory breast is termed polymastia (Figure 13.2). Supranumerary nipples are referred to as polythelia. The abnormally placed tissue is almost universally located in the axilla or just inferior to the normally positioned breast along the embryonic milk line.5 The normal axillary extension of breast tissue (the tail of Spence) should not be confused with supernumerary breast tissue. True ectopic breast tissue, or breast tissue found outside the normal milk line, is exceedingly rare but has been reported on the face, back, and perineum, and in the midline of the anterior torso.5,24,25
The female reproductive system
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
The breast is a highly developed sweat gland, which has acquired a specialised function. Although there are usually two breasts in humans, accessory breasts occasionally develop along the ‘milk line’, which extends from the axilla to the inner surfaces of the thigh. Occasionally, a breast fails to develop – a condition known as amazia.
Bucillamine-induced gigantomastia with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinaemia
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2020
Tatsuo Mori, Naoto Yokogawa, Ryohei Higuchi, Motoyoshi Tsujino, Kota Shimada, Shoji Sugii
Seven months later, the patient noticed bilateral axillary masses and was examined by a breast surgeon. Ultrasonography revealed well-defined tumours. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy denied any malignancy. The tumour was diagnosed as accessory breast tissue. Following the examination, the patient also noticed enlargement of the bilateral breasts.