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Dermatologic diseases and pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Holly Edmonds, Dana Ward, Ann G. Martin, Susana Leal-Khouri
Pigmentary changes during pregnancy include darkening of the areolae, producing what is known as secondary areolae. This is usually seen as pigmentation between the two areolae. Areolar pigmentation is readily distinguished from nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola, a rare condition which also develops during pregnancy (11). The linea alba often darkens and is renamed the linea nigra; this is most notable in dark-skinned women. Linea nigra is often accompanied by the shifting of the umbilicus to the right side of the patient at term, known as the “ligamentum teres sign,” which persists postpartum until the abdominal muscles redevelop normal tone (11,12). Pigmentary demarcation lines, seen as borders of abrupt transition between more deeply pigmented skin and that of lighter pigmentation, may occur on the lower limbs during pregnancy (13). Severe generalized hypermelanosis is rare and its occurrence suggests hyperthyroidism.
Tissue Grafting Techniques
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
When an areola is involved, researchers have recommended that entire areola should be grafted (even if small area is affected) to prevent color mismatch at this site. It is fortunate for patients that the color of the graft is recipient-dominant in a majority of cases, probably because of local factors that play a role in regulating melanocyte activity [25].
Sensing of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sentinel Lymph Nodes Biopsy
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Masaki Sekino, Moriaki Kusakabe
The clinical study is described as follows. A first-generation device using analog circuits was utilized in the first clinical study using magnetic methods [27]. Immediately before the operation, 1% patent blue dye and Resovist were injected to the affected areola subcutaneously, and SLN was identified from the body surface using a magnetic probe during the operation. After skin incision, the magnetized SLN was searched and removed, and backup dissection was performed. A total of 30 cases were divided into three groups named as magnetic nanoparticles group, patent blue dye group, and magnetic nanoparticles and patent blue dye combination group. The detection rate was 77% for the magnetic nanoparticles only group, 80% for the patent blue dye only group, and 90% for the magnetic nanoparticles and patent blue dye combination group. There were no false-negative cases. SLNB using magnetic tracer has been previously reported. However, in this study, the detection of magnetized SLN was attempted by sending magnetic nanoparticles to SLN and applying the magnetic field there. This enabled the identification of lymph nodes in even deeper positions than was previously possible. The detection rate was not as high as that of the RI method, even considering the stability of the equipment and unfamiliarity with the technology. Nevertheless, the results strongly suggested that the usefulness of the magnetic method was promising and that SLNB could likely be performed in facilities without nuclear medical equipment.
Comparison of the effects of olive oil and breast milk on the prevention of nipple problems in primiparous breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2021
Derya Kaya Sağlık, Öznur Gürlek Kısacık
Adequate hydration and moisture of nipple and areola is a significant factor for the prevention of the damage that can develop on the nipple during breastfeeding. Preventive care against dryness and crusting on and around the nipple may be useful in maintaining the integrity of skin by providing the tissue with adequate hydration and moisture (Zanardo et al., 2016). Various authors have shown in their studies that moist breast care contributes to the prevention of potential damage on the nipple (Cordero et al., 2015; Vieira et al., 2017; Zanardo et al., 2016). With the results of this study, we revealed that using olive oil on and around the nipple might be an effective method for preventing symptoms related to nipple damage. Similarly, several researchers have also reported that olive oil provided protection against cracks during breastfeeding and in early lactation in particular, or was helpful in healing existing nipple damage (Ahmed et al., 2018; Cordero et al., 2015; Kirlek & Balkaya, 2013; Oğuz et al., 2014). Cordero et al. (2015) stated that olive oil provided protection against the development of cracks even in cases of incorrect breastfeeding positions, which are thought to be one of the major factors resulting in damage on and around the nipple. Thanks to its high linoleic acid content, olive oil forms a basal layer on the skin on which it is applied and absorbs moisture, accelerates the proliferation of epidermis cells, prevents dehydration and makes skin flexible. In this way, it contributes to the maintenance of the integrity of skin.
Inferior and Central Mound Pedicle Breast Reduction in Gigantomastia: A Safe Alternative?
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Fatma Bilgen, Alper Ural, Mehmet Bekerecioğlu
The pedicle was designed, with a base width of 10–12 cm on the inframmarial fold and 2 cm margin around areola. Areola diameter was prepared 4 cm. Afterwards, the inferior pedicle was de-epithelialized meticulously in order to avoid thinning of the dermis especially at the pedicle base. Medial and lateral dermoglandular resections were performed above the level of pectoralis fascia as standard. The superior skin flap was released to the level just below the clavicle and upper quadrants were undermined adequately. The pedicle base was kept wide enough over the area where it attaches the pectoralis fascia posteriorly. The pedicle was anchored to the level of fourth rib with two interrupted 2-0 vicryl sutures. The NAC was transferred to its new areola hole without any tension (Figures 2 and 3). Suction drains were used in each patient routinely. Most of the drains were removed on the postoperative second day. The subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in two distinct layers with absorbable monocryl sutures. The patients are advised to apply silicone sheets and wear a full time bra for 2 months.
The anti-breast cancer property of physcion via oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis and immune response
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Luping Zhang, Ruitao Dong, Yu Wang, Longxiang Wang, Tian Zhou, Dongxu Jia, Zhaoli Meng
As one of the most common malignancies in women, breast cancer induces changes in breast lump, nipple, and areola as clinical features, it remains the leading cause of cancer death among women in less developed countries (Torre et al. 2015). In modern society, the treatment of breast cancer has entered an era of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment guided by biological characteristics, including molecular targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Although progress has been made in the treatment of breast cancer, surgical treatment is still an indispensable part of comprehensive treatment for international stage II and stage III patients which usually makes breast cancer patients prone to severe psychological disorders and even causes anxiety or depression.