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Trunk Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Rowan Sherwood
Sacrococcygeus anterior is an accessory muscle that originates from the anterior surface of the transverse process of one or two sacral vertebrae and inserts onto the coccyx (von Luschka 1870; Watson 1880; Knott 1883b; Bergman et al. 1988; Nair et al. 2011; Liu and Salem 2016). In the cases described by Watson (1880), the muscles arose in between the third and fourth sacral foramina. Knott (1883b) observed an origin from both the fourth and fifth sacral segments. In the case observed by Nair et al. (2011), the muscle arose from the anterolateral surface of the sacrum at the level of the third sacral vertebra. See the entry for sacrococcygeus posterior for a similar muscle on the posterior aspect of the sacrum.
Spinal Injuries
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae, but only the upper 24 (7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar) articulate (Figure 16.1). The 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and coccyx, respectively. The vertebral column is most vulnerable to injury at the cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar and, less commonly, lumbosacral junctions. These are transition zones in terms of mobility and curvature. The thoracic vertebrae are relatively immobile compared with the cervical and lumbar vertebrae because of the alignment of the facet joints and attachment to the thoracic cage.6 The sacral vertebrae are relatively fixed within the bony pelvis.
Anorectal malformations: The newborn period
Published in Alejandra Vilanova-Sánchez, Marc A. Levitt, Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, 2020
Sabine Sarnacki, Sebastian King, Wilfried Krois
Sacral x-ray: Sacral anomalies may be linked to the ARM, independent of the VACTERL association and consisting in sacral abnormalities ranging from a missing coccyx, a few sacral vertebrae, or hemi-sacrum, to complete absence with fused iliac bones. Sacral x-ray allow also to calculate the sacral ratio, which correlates with a continence prognosis and as well as to associated urological malformations [2].
First report of tethered cord syndrome in a patient with Verheij syndrome
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2023
A. Kocaaga, S. Yimenicioglu, Y. Özdemir Atikel, O. Özkale Yavuz
Verheij syndrome (VRJS) (#MIM 615583) is characterized by growth retardation, intellectual disability, coloboma, dysmorphic facial features, cervical spine segmentation defects, renal, and cardiac abnormalities (1,2). Gene mutations in PUF60 (Poly-U Binding Splicing Factor 60 kDa) have been reported in individuals with clinical features overlapping with those associated with an 8q24.3 deletion or VRJS (2). The PUF60 gene encodes a protein that receives recognition of the 3’ splice-site and interacts with the spliceosome (3). The reported mutations of the PUF60 gene, including nonsense, frame-shift, splicing site, or missense, have been identified in 25 individuals (4,5). Here, we report an 11-year-old Turkish girl patient who carries a heterozygous de novo in-frame deletion variant (c.449_457del; p.Ala150_Phe152del) in the PUF60 gene. Our proband shares some characteristic features with previously described patients, including intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, ocular, renal, and cardiac abnormalities. The whole-spine magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated scoliosis, fused sacral vertebra, and a tethered cord. Based on the literature review, this case demonstrated the rare association of VRJS with a tethered cord. This is also the first Turkish report of a Verheij syndrome with a pathogenic PUF60 variant.
Effects of backrest and seat-pan inclination of tractor seat on biomechanical characteristics of lumbar, abdomen, leg and spine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qichao Wang, Yihuan Huo, Zheng Xu, Wenjie Zhang, Yujun Shang, Hongmei Xu
The spine plays various roles in supporting the trunk, protecting the internal organs, controlling human movement and protecting the spinal cord. The adult spine consists of 26 vertebrae, including seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5), one sacral vertebra and one caudal vertebra from the top to the bottom. The load of spine in different parts is the sum of the weight of the above limbs, muscle tension and external load. Therefore, the spine gradually widens from the top to the bottom, which is in line with the gradual increase in spinal load. The thoracic vertebra is the most important part of human spine, playing important roles in maintaining the stability and driving the movement of human upper limbs. The lumbar spine is located at the bottom of the spine, acting as a junction of the movable segment and the fixed segment. It bears a large load and is the most frequent site for the occurrence of lumbar occupational diseases. Based on these facts, this study selected some thoracic segments and the whole lumbar segment as the objects for analysis.
Influence of psychiatric disorders and chronic pain on the surgical outcome in the patient with chronic coccydynia: a single institution’s experience
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Kristopher A. Lyon, Jason H. Huang, David Garrett
Then, an approximately 5 cm vertical incision is made directly over the coccyx. Dissection is carried down to the periosteum of the coccyx. The periosteum is slowly dissected off the coccyx using a combination of cutting monopolar electrocautery current and periosteal elevators. The intervertebral disc between the last sacral vertebra and the first coccygeal vertebra is resected using scalpel and pituitary rongeurs. Using sharp towel clamps, the coccyx is then elevated, and muscles and ligaments are slowly dissected away in a proximal to distal fashion using monopolar cautery with the tip of the instrument bent upward to ensure subperiosteal dissection. Finally, the anococcygeal ligament is cut, and the coccyx is resected in an en bloc fashion. C-arm fluoroscopy is used to verify the intended coccygeal vertebrae have been resected. Lastly, flooding the surgical field with sterile irrigation to check for bubbles or quickly absorbing irrigation is a way to quickly screen for occult rectal injury. No surgical drains are placed. The fascia and dermal layers are closed with inverted vertical mattress absorbable sutures, and a subcuticular running Monocryl suture is used in the top layer. Dermabond topical skin adhesive is applied, and no dressing is placed over the incision. The patient is continued on prophylactic antibiotics overnight and given a one week supply of laxatives.