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Hemispatial Neglect (and Autosomatagnosia)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Some candidates for brain damage that may cause neglect are the “middle and superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, precuneus, middle occipital gyrus, caudate nucleus, and posterior insula, as well as in the white matter pathway corresponding to the posterior part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus” (Molenberghs et al., 2012). Thus, neglect seems to be a possible symptom of brain damage in a variety of places including the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as subcortical structures underneath (Li & Malhotra, 2015). If you flipped open a brain atlas to a random page and pointed at an illustration of a brain structure, there is a decent chance for that structure to be involved in neglect. My point is that the calculations that the brain uses to understand space are intricate (see Topographical Disorientation). This is why researchers have switched “from trying to identify a single brain area to investigations of brain areas that are involved as sub-components of a more complex network, responsible for space attention and representation” (Gammeri et al., 2020).
Memory
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown that posterior prefrontal regions are involved in strategic processing during retrieval, as well as in working memory. Anterior frontal regions near the frontal poles have been linked with functions such as evaluating the products of retrieval. Frontal connections with posterior neocortical regions support the organization of retrieval and the manipulation of information in working memory. Consistent with the evidence from patients with frontal lesions, frontal-posterior networks can be viewed as instrumental in the retrieval of declarative memories and in the online processing of new information. Neuroimaging has also identified contributions to memory made by the parietal cortex. Multiple parietal regions (including the inferior and superior parietal lobules, the precuneus, the posterior cingulate, and the retrosplenial cortex) are activated in conjunction with remembering recent experiences (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2017).
Neuroanatomy of basic cognitive function
Published in Mark J. Ashley, David A. Hovda, Traumatic Brain Injury, 2017
Mark J. Ashley, Jessica G. Ashley, Matthew J. Ashley
Based upon task-induced deactivation, anatomical connectivity, and diffusion MRI studies, the DMN is widely thought to consist of medial and lateral cortical and white matter structures.189,190 The medial structures include a large portion of the medial PFC that extends dorsally and ventrally, medial parietal cortex comprised of the posterior cingulate cortex, and retrosplenial cortex. The precuneus cortex is implicated in some, but not all, default network regions.191 The MTL is implicated, including the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal cortex, although less consistently. The lower prominence of this area may be linked to limitations of distortion and signal loss often associated with this region.
Cortical and cerebellar structural correlates of cognitive-motor integration performance in females with and without persistent concussion symptoms
Published in Brain Injury, 2023
Johanna M. Hurtubise, Diana J. Gorbet, Loriann Hynes, Alison K. Macpherson, Lauren E. Sergio
Finally, the performance on the PC+CR task was associated with the volume and thickness of the IPL, rMFG, and precuneus. The PC+CR task requires two levels of decoupling, both the implicit sensorimotor recalibration (hand in one spatial location, visual guidance in another) and the explicit strategic control (incorporating a rule, e.g., move hand rightward to direct cursor leftward). Therefore, as previously mentioned, the relationship between this task and both the IPL and rMFG is in agreement with current literature (84,85) and the previous findings from our laboratory (88,89). The precuneus, which is located in the medial parietal cortex, is reciprocally connected with both the lateral parietal regions (SPL, IPL) and frontal regions (DLPFC, PMC, medial motor areas) (90). While the exact role of the precuneus is still relatively unknown, it is believed to be a crucial aspect of the neural network specialized for visually guided movement (90). In particular, the precuneus is activated during shifting of attention, as opposed to sustained attention in the IPL. Furthermore, it plays a role in creating an internal representation of movement, such as with visual rotation (90). The role of the precuneus in visuomotor transformation tasks has previously been demonstrated in our laboratory. In a recent study, Gorbet et al. (91) found that activation of this region was able to discriminate between tasks requiring CMI and standard reaching tasks.
Problem-solving training modifies cognitive functioning and related functional connectivity in healthy adults
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2023
Béatrice Alescio-Lautier, Caroline Chambon, Claire Deshayes, Jean-Luc Anton, Guy Escoffier, Marie-Hélène Ferrer, Véronique Paban
Graph theory analysis highlighted the right precuneus within the DMN as having an increased degree and global efficiency in participants who underwent problem-solving training. These results indicate that in problem-solving-trained subjects, the right precuneus is more connected to the rest of the network. Since global efficiency is mainly influenced by short paths (Rubinov & Sporns, 2010), the connections of the right precuneus are intended to be with its closest regions. Such short path lengths are believed to promote functional integration since they allow communication with few intermediate steps and thus minimize the effects of noise (Sporns & Honey, 2013). The right precuneus is a major node in the main functional and structural networks of the human brain (Hagmann et al., 2008) with a relevant role within the DMN (Utevsky et al., 2014). The precuneus is primarily involved in the retrieval of information from working memory or episodic memory, especially the retrieval and processing of spatial images, visuospatial imagery, and self-processing operations (Cavanna & Trimble, 2006). The precuneus is also a critical brain region in insight processing. Luo et al. (2004) demonstrated that answers requiring the breaking of mental sets and the transformation of conventional thinking significantly activated the right precuneus. Based on this literature, we can reasonably believe that the change in precuneus connectivity may be due to the work done during our training.
Brain microstructural changes and cognitive function in non-demented essential tremor patients: a diffusion tensor imaging study
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Y. Sengul, H. O. Temur, Z. Corakcı, H. S. Sengul, H. Dowd, I. Ustun, A. Alkan, E. D. Louis
The cerebellum is increasingly thought to be important in the pathogenesis of ET. This region is engaged in cognitive and affective functioning and has connections with limbic and paralimbic structures which are essential for the integration of cognition and emotion [56]. Previous neuroimaging studies have shown that cingulate cortex, precuneus, hippocampus and are all affected in the brains of ET patients and researchers have concluded that impairment of these areas might have cognitive and emotional consequences which could explain non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive impairment and depression in the disease [19,20, 57]. In our study, we built on this previous research by uncovering the connection between cerebellar, limbic and paralimbic structures and impairment of many cognitive domains, including attention, verbal memory, visual memory, and language.