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Neuropsychology:
Published in Robert E. Becker, Ezio Giacobini, Alzheimer Disease, 2020
Memory deficits are typically the first cognitive deficits to appear in DAT, followed by problems with abstract reasoning and complex attention, and then by impairments in language and visuospatial abilities (Grady et. al., 1988). In particular, memory for events (episodic memory) is usually impaired early in the course of DAT, and this impairment becomes increasingly severe with dementia progression (Butters, 1984; Kaszniak, 1986; Grady et. al., 1988). Also, unlike normally aging individuals, DAT patients show rapid forgetting of events (Moss et. al., 1986). There have been reports of patients with Alzheimer disease, confirmed by biopsy or autopsy, presenting initially with a progressive right parietal lobe syndrome (Crystal et. al., 1982) or a progressive aphasia (Kirshner et. al., 1984). However, the overwhelming evidence to data indicates that course of DAT usually begins with memory impairment and progresses to other cognitive problems. Thus, tests of episodic memory including measures of both immediate and delayed recall should be included within any dementia assessment battery. Memory measures are among the most useful early detectors of dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Neuroimaging studies of individuals with Down syndrome
Published in Vee P. Prasher, Down Syndrome and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2018
Felix Beacher, Declan G. M. Murphy
The relationship between putative decreases in hippocampal volume in the brain of people with DS and specific aspects of the cognitive phenotype of DS is unclear. Various lines of evidence point to the involvement of the hippocampus in the healthy brain in episodic memory function.49 Thus it has been suggested that reduced hippocampal volume in non-demented individuals with DS may explain deficits in memory function.50 In support of this theory, hippocampal (and also amygdala) volumes were reported to be significantly positively correlated with measures of memory function in a sample of 34 non-demented people with DS.37 However, this finding has not been replicated by other studies.
Memory
Published in Andrea Utley, Motor Control, Learning and Development, 2018
Episodic memory is an autobiographical memory for events or episodes that occur in a given time and place. It is memory of how, when and where something happened. For example, many people will remember exactly where they were when the World Trade Center tragically collapsed on 11 September in 2001. Semantic memory is memory for meaningful facts. Your name, math skills and the definition of words are examples of semantic memory. Semantic memory is not tied to time and place and can thus be considered context free. For example, you remember that there are 24 hours in the day, but you probably do not remember where or when you learned this.
Nutrient effects on working memory across the adult lifespan
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Selene Cansino, Frine Torres-Trejo, Cinthya Estrada-Manilla, Adriana Flores-Mendoza, Gerardo Ramírez-Pérez, Silvia Ruiz-Velasco
In a recent study [57], the influence of the same nutrients examined here on episodic memory was evaluated. Episodic memory, the ability to remember our own experiences, is highly vulnerable to the effects of aging, as occurs for working memory. We found in the current study that all of the nutrients that predicted higher working memory discrimination across the entire adult lifespan were also relevant for episodic memory, among other nutrients. Thus, both studies confirm that the consumption of cholesterol, alcohol, γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol compounds of vitamin E, vitamin B6, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linoleic (ω–3) acid and linoleic (ω6) acid has positive effects on both types of memory. Additionally, total fat, palmitic acid and stearic acid influence both types of memory, but in the present study, their effects were moderated by age. Another common finding was that energy and lactose consumption negatively influenced both episodic memory and working memory in older adults, although the adverse effects on working memory of energy and lactose manifested in middle age.
High-fat and combined high-fat–high-fructose diets impair episodic-like memory and decrease glutamate and glutamine in the hippocampus of adult mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Humberto Martínez-Orozco, Luis A. Reyes-Castro, Consuelo Lomas-Soria, Cuauhtémoc Sandoval-Salazar, Joel Ramírez-Emiliano, Sofía Díaz-Cintra, Silvia Solís-Ortiz
The findings of the present study have implications for clinical practice in the development of strategies for the prevention of early cognitive decline associated with diet-induced obesity in humans. Our results will also serve to apply treatments with balanced diets for the rescue of episodic memory in senile individuals. Strengths of the present study include the use of a combined diet with high-fat-high-fructose, in addition to a high-fat diet, the use of a well-validated recognition memory tests for a more detailed characterization of episodic-like memory in mice, measurements of glutamate, glutamine and GABA and analysis of gene expression in hippocampal tissue. However, this study has limitations: First, we did not include electrophysiological measures that could help support the effects of diets on episodic-like memory. Second, we did not evaluate another type of memory such as spatial memory in mice. Third, we do not include a group of mice fed a high-fructose diet, which should be included in further studies.
Evaluating telehealth delivery of a compensatory memory rehabilitation programme following stroke: A single-case experimental design
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
David W. Lawson, Renerus J. Stolwyk, Jennie L. Ponsford, Dana Wong
Five community-dwelling adults with diagnosis of stroke and reports of memory difficulty were recruited. Participants were aged between 48 and 68 years, and time since stroke varied from 10 months to 18 years. All participants were living independently in the community at the time of the study. Participant demographic and stroke variables are shown in Table 2. Using baseline mean scores on measures of verbal and visual episodic memory (the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised, respectively), all participants demonstrated at least mild to moderate memory impairment on at least one of the objective tests. For four of the five participants, baseline visual memory difficulties were more apparent than verbal memory.