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The Twentieth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
With the shift of investigative value in recent years away from normal gross and microscopic anatomy, much of the research interest of professional anatomists has turned to related biological fields such as experimental cytology and embryology, comparative anatomy and anthropology. Yet strong departments of anatomy are necessarily maintained in the good medical schools, and much of the student’s time is required for the subject in his first year.
Experimental Methods in Cardiovascular Mechanics
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
Histology, the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues (Hillman 2000), has spawned many useful techniques since the second half of the nineteenth century (Table 4.1). These techniques have progressively combined with methods from physics and materials science such as electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, confocal laser scanning microscopy, second harmonic generation, and two-photon excited fluorescence (Bergholt et al. 2016). However, these methods remain qualitative or semiquantitative in nature, and although they might, under the right circumstances, provide insight into the relative spatial distributions of the major constituents of the ECM, they are usually limited by the spatial resolution that they can achieve (Bergholt et al. 2016).
Anatomy
Published in Hutan Ashrafian, Surgical Philosophy, 2015
1.We may distinguish six kinds of anatomy, to wit: (1) bones, (2) nerves, (3) muscles, (4) vasculature, (5) lymphatic system, (6) organs. These can be studied through (a) gross or macroscopic anatomy (regional, systemic, surface); (b) microscopic anatomy (cytology for cells and histology for tissues); (c) molecular anatomy; and (d) developmental anatomy (embryology).
Changing graphic representations of the brain from the late middle ages to the present
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
To further develop this program of inquiry, I solicited the involvement of a multidisciplinary international group of colleagues for a symposium on this topic at the 2019 ISHN meeting in Vilnius, Lithuania: Peter J. Koehler, M.D., Ph.D. (The Netherlands); J. Wayne Lazar, Ph.D. (United States); Boleslav Leonidovich Lichterman, M.D., Ph.D. (Russia); and Catherine E. Storey, M.B. B.S., M.Sc. (Australia; see Lanska et al. 2019). The symposium traced the evolution of published graphic representations of the brain, particularly from the late-fifteenth century into the twentieth century. Attention was given to recognition in published works of medieval representations of brain structure and function, major features of the cerebral cortex, evolution of representations of the cranial nerves, later approaches to cross-sectional anatomy, brain histology (i.e., microscopic anatomy), the development and evolution of functional brain mapping, and the great neuropathologic atlases—topics that collectively introduce representations of the form, function, and dysfunction (diseases) of the brain.
A quick and versatile protocol for the 3D visualization of transgene expression across the whole body of larval Drosophila
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Oliver Kobler, Aliće Weiglein, Kathrin Hartung, Yi-chun Chen, Bertram Gerber, Ulrich Thomas
Pioneered by Werner Spalteholz a century ago, tissue clearing proved to be a groundbreaking technique in microscopic anatomy (Eisenstein, 2018; Spalteholz, 1911) once optimized protocols were combined with state-of-the-art cell labeling, microscopy, and image data processing (Ueda et al., 2020). This paved the way for striking insights into the morphology and cytoarchitecture of relatively large, intact, and complete organs, including mammalian brains and indeed their neuronal projections throughout the body (Cai et al., 2019). Given that these approaches work for animals the size of a mouse and ‘through skin and bone’, it might have seemed trivial to apply them to much smaller animals such as Drosophila, too. The cuticular exoskeleton of arthropods, however, proves to be a tricky obstacle to clearing. A recent protocol (Pende et al., 2018) has addressed this problem with remarkable success and was documented and optimized for pupal and adult stages.
Chronic exposure to multi-metals on testicular toxicity in rats
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Amit Gupta, Anoop Kumar, Saba Naqvi, Swaran J. S. Flora
Histological studies are useful for the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. In accordance with earlier reports, our investigation also showed that exposure to aluminum and copper alone and during co-exposure induced histological changes in testis such as disorganization of somniferous tubules, necrosis, and absence of mature spermatids in somniferous tubules (Sakhaee et al. 2016; Sun et al. 2018). These alterations are indicative of interference with important processes such as spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Several studies have been done on aluminum and copper-related changes in testicular histopathology which exhibited the degeneration of these epithelial cells as the main cause of testicular damage (Adedara et al. 2017; Martinez et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2020). On the other hand, zinc exposed animals showed well organized somniferous tubule and mature spermatids in the tubules without any contraction of the lumen (Chemek et al. 2016).