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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
The lumen is the SI-derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a source per unit of time. Lumens are related to lux in that one lux is one lumen per square metre. The candela is the base unit of luminous intensity, that is, luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a point light source in a particular direction.
Specialized Circulations in Susceptible Tissues
Published in Wilmer W Nichols, Michael F O'Rourke, Elazer R Edelman, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries, 2022
The traditional model of arterial disease, in which the plaque develops in the vessel wall over many years, gradually narrowing the lumen to produce symptoms, is not always accurate. A possibly more accurate model of atherosclerosis was originally described by Glagov et al. (1987), who showed that coronary “remodeling” enables patients to develop large atherosclerotic plaques without reduction in lumen size (Figure 14.20). In essence, during the early progression of disease, atherosclerotic material grows into the vessel wall, outwardly displacing the external elastic membrane. Accordingly, patients can develop a large athero-sclerotic plaque with no luminal narrowing. It is suggested that this “compensatory” expansion through maintaining a constant lumen would protect patients against ischemic symptoms.
Anatomy of Neck and Blood Supply of Brain
Published in Sudhir K. Gupta, Forensic Pathology of Asphyxial Deaths, 2022
Trachea is about 10–11 cm long, made of cartilage and fibromuscular membrane. It descends from the larynx and extends from the level of sixth cervical vertebrae to the upper border of fifth thoracic vertebrae. It is bifurcated a little towards the right side. It is flat posteriorly. In adults, its diameter is 2 cm in males and 1.5 cm in females. The lumen is 1.2 cm in adults. Anteriorly, the cervical part of trachea is covered by skin, superficial and deep fascia and is crossed by jugular arch and isthmus of thyroid gland.
The current status of gene therapy in bladder cancer
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Côme Tholomier, Alberto Martini, Sharada Mokkapati, Colin P. Dinney
The bladder is an organ particularly suited for gene therapy. Its lumen provides easy intravesical exposure of the urothelium and tumor to the vector carrying the therapeutic gene, while avoiding systemic toxicity from the agent [52]. Furthermore, there is easy access to urine and tissue to monitor the therapeutic effect of therapy and perform correlative studies that might link biomarker expression with a clinical effect. However, adequate gene transfer across the urothelium was the initial challenge. Several characteristics determine the infectivity of host cells into the bladder: the presence or absence of specific viral receptors on the cell’s surface; the need for viral replication to express the gene of interest; and the presence of physical barriers existing to prevent viral infection. The mucosal urothelial surface made up of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) forms a very tight barrier protecting the bladder against bacteria, viruses, and other toxins [53]. Multiple therapeutic strategies have therefore been investigated to circumvent this obstacle to intravesical gene therapy (Table 4).
Oxygen transport in a permeable model of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Rana Zakerzadeh, Tanja Cupac, Michael Durka
A contour plot of the oxygen distribution inside the whole domain that contains lumen, ILT, and wall, is shown in Figure 4. The concentration of oxygen within the tissue is shown in slices at three different YZ planes. One of the YZ planes is located at the maximum diameter of the AAA, BD, which occurs at halfway along the length and has the highest thickness of ILT (see Figure 2 for a schematic illustration of the model). Another YZ plane is located at the straight portion of the vessel that thrombus does not exist. The oxygen concentration distribution is also shown on an XY plane that cuts the domain in half. The lumen appears red, indicative of oxygen-rich blood. Moving toward the exterior of the artery, this high oxygen concentration inside the lumen that is spatially uniform, drops off rapidly with distance inside the ILT and AAA wall. Therefore, the highest oxygen concentration is found in the lumen and the lowest is in the wall as expected. Results of oxygen distribution for three YZ planes in the top panel of Figure 4 illustrate reduced oxygenation of the aortic wall in the presence of ILT in the middle of the lumen which is in line with previous observations in (Vorp et al. 2001). A qualitative agreement was also found with previous works. For example, qualitative oxygen concentration profiles of Figure 4 are in good agreement with the experimental data in Vorp et al. (1998) where matching AAA geometry employed to study oxygen transport using a simplified model that ignores the blood flow inside the lumen.
Antibodies to watch in 2021
Published in mAbs, 2021
Hélène Kaplon, Janice M. Reichert
Regulatory submissions will include data from a Phase 1 study (NCT02870400) and the Phase 2 LUMINA-1 study (NCT03188666). The Phase 1 study was randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled, and assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic effects of single ascending doses of IV and SC administered garetosmab in healthy women not of childbearing potential. Of 40 treated study participants, 24 received IV garetosmab (0.3 mg/kg, n = 6; 1 mg/kg, n = 6; 3 mg/kg, n = 6; 10 mg/kg, n = 6), 6 received SC garetosmab, and 10 received placebo (IV, n = 8; SC, n = 2). Study results indicated that the 10 mg/kg dose was well tolerated, and the target‐mediated pathway was saturated by this dose in Week 12. Based on these results, the 10 mg/kg dose was chosen for the LUMINA‐1 study.91