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Thoracic Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Injury to a major bronchus is usually the result of blunt trauma. There are often severe associated injuries, and most victims die at the site of the accident. For those who reach hospital, there is at least a 30% mortality rate. Signs of bronchial injury include: HaemoptysisSubcutaneous emphysemaTension pneumothoraxPneumothorax with a large and persisting air leak Most bronchial injuries occur within 2.5 cm of the carina and the diagnosis may be confirmed by bronchoscopy. Severe bronchial disruption accompanied by vascular injury may result in systemic air embolism, which may become apparent only with positive-pressure ventilation or bag–mask ventilation, when the airway pressure overcomes the vascular pressure, allowing air to enter the pulmonary circulation. The consequences are catastrophic if pulmonary venous gas embolizes to the coronary vessels, heart chambers or cerebral arteries.
Structural Methods for Studying Bronchiolar Epithelial Cells
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Bronchi are more proximal in the conducting airway tree than are bronchioles, but distal to the trachea. The characteristics that differentiate bronchi from bronchioles include increased complexity of the epithelial lining and the content of the peribronchial interstitial matrix. The epithelium has more than two cell types: basal cells, ciliated cells, mucous goblet cells, and a variety of intermediate forms. In addition, the epithelial population has invaginations into the surrounding extracellular matrix to form submucosal glands. The matrix components surrounding bronchi include cartilage plates, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and collagen and elastic fibers. Lymphatics and the branches of the bronchial artery are also found in the walls of these airways.
The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The heart is located in the center of the thorax as part of the mediastinum, the partition near the middle of the thorax, which contains the heart, large arteries, the great veins, and parts of several other systems (trachea and bronchi of the respiratory system and the esophagus of the digestive system, for example). The heart acts as a pump, using the contractile force of the myocardium to force blood from the left ventricle into the aorta and on to the systemic circulation.
Luteolin alleviated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting IL-36γ secretion-mediated MAPK pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xin-rui Qiao, Tao Feng, Dong Zhang, Li-li Zhi, Jin-tao Zhang, Xiao-fei Liu, Yun Pan, Jia-wei Xu, Wen-Jing Cui, Liang Dong
Bronchial asthma is a common, chronic, inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by a variety of respiratory symptoms and limited airflow. Many cells play an important role in the onset of asthma, including hypertrophic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells (Mims 2015). The internationally recognized system of classification of asthma divides it into two types: T2-high and T2-low. T2-high asthma is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic airway inflammation, while T2-low asthma is usually characterized by neutrophils or fewer granulocytes (Svenningsen and Nair 2017). T2-low asthma, especially neutrophilic asthma, is often associated with severe disease and a poor response to treatment (Samitas et al. 2017). Although the definition of neutrophilic asthma still lacks a consensus, neutrophilic asthma and eosinophil asthma are classified mainly according to the proportion of the cells in sputum (Simpson et al. 2006). Eosinophilic asthma is defined as an increase in eosinophils in the induced sputum of more than 2% or 3%, and neutrophilic asthma is defined as an increase in neutrophils in the induced sputum of more than 60% or 76% (Chung 2016).
Targets for obstructive sleep apnea pharmacotherapy: principles, approaches, and emerging strategies
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
The upper airspace is an obligatory conduit for airflow into the lungs, but it also has the property of a collapsible tube (Figure 1). This property is essential to its non-breathing functions that require dynamic changes in airway size to move air, liquids, and solids during behaviors such as vocalization, suckling, chewing, and swallowing. To enable such motor activities, the upper airspace is surrounded by a complex anatomical arrangement of skeletal muscles and soft tissues. This structural arrangement is unlike the trachea and bronchi, for example, which are more rigid and non-collapsible as they are supported by cartilage. This property of a collapsible pharynx can compromise the essential respiratory function as a conduit for airflow. The pharynx is particularly vulnerable to closure during sleep when pharyngeal muscle tone is diminished.
HRCT quantitative analysis of airway remodeling and airway trapping in the small airway asthma phenotype and its correlation with pulmonary function
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Dongzhu Lu, Qing Yu, Lichang Chen, Qiannuan Liao, Junkang Lan, Shu-Bing Chen, Cuilan Wang, Wenyi Zeng, Lingling Wu, Chaofan Fan, Peifeng Lu, Huapeng Yu
There are several limitations in the present study that merit consideration. First, our study was limited by a small sample size from a single center, which could have caused patient bias and rendered the results inapplicable to the entire asthma population. This may be the reason why some of qHRCT parameters correlated with pulmonary function parameters while the others not. Hence, further multicenter studies are necessary to better understand the clinical and biological significance of airway remodeling and air trapping in patients with small airway asthma phenotype. Second, considering that there were limited asthmatic subjects who did not have SAD in our study, we cannot evaluate the differences between the SAD group and non-SAD group. Third, we measured only RB1, assuming that structural changes in the airways would be distributed regularly in every lobe. However, different bronchi can present variations in airway dimensions; therefore, it is necessary to measure other bronchi from different lobes in future research.