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Rheumatic Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Four major ligaments provide knee stability: the anterior and posterior cruciate, and the lateral and medial collateral ligaments. Injury to the knee may involve these ligaments, the joint capsule and other joint structures.
Congenital Vertical Talus
Published in Benjamin Joseph, Selvadurai Nayagam, Randall T Loder, Anjali Benjamin Daniel, Essential Paediatric Orthopaedic Decision Making, 2022
Christopher Prior, Nicholas Peterson, Selvadurai Nayagam
Softtissue contractures Joint capsules and ligaments Ankle joint—posterior capsuleTalo-navicular joint—dorsal capsuleTendons Achilles tendonTibialis anteriorExtensor digitorum & extensor hallucisPeroneus longus and brevis
Spinal injuries
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Whiplash injuries of the neck, resulting from rear-impact road traffic collisions, are common and are a frequent cause of compensation claims. Persisting pain and sensory symptoms are seldom accompanied by any hard neurological signs and standard radiological investigations are usually negative, beyond revealing any pre-existing spondylotic disease. There is likely to be joint capsule/ligamentous damage, beyond the resolution of routine MR imaging. They are effectively sprains but, clearly, more serious injuries need to be excluded before this conclusion is reached.
Isolating the Superficial Peroneal Nerve Motor Branch to the Peroneus Longus Muscle with Concentric Stimulation during Diagnostic Motor Nerve Biopsy
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2022
Ashley Rosenberg, Rachel Pruitt, Sami Saba, Justin W. Silverstein, Randy S. D’Amico
Arising from the sciatic nerve, the CPN travels in the posterior thigh to cross the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle to enter the anterolateral portion of the leg just below the fibular head. Here, the CPN divides into articular, deep, and superficial divisions (Figure 3A). The articular division innervates the joint capsule. The DPN innervates the anterior leg muscles responsible for dorsiflexion and terminates in a cutaneous branch between the first and second toe. The SPN provides motor innervation to the peroneus longus and the peroneus brevis only. Otherwise, the SPN provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral leg below the knee (D’Amico and Winfree 2017). The peroneus longus and peroneus brevis are located in the lateral portion of the leg and function primarily to evert the ankle, with the peroneus brevis considered more effective as an evertor than the peroneus longus (Lee et al. 2011). Both muscles also function in conjunction with the tibialis posterior in plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle (D’Amico and Winfree 2017).
The Effect of Kinesio Taping Versus Splint Techniques on Pain and Functional Scores in Children with Hand PIP Joint Sprain
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Sancar Serbest, Uğur Tiftikci, Erdoğan Durgut, Özge Vergili, Cem Yalın Kılınc
Due to the continual increase in the number of children engaging in sports today, physicians encounter these types of injuries at an increasing frequency. A sprain is an injury of the tissues surrounding and supporting a joint. This includes the ligaments as well as the joint capsule. Most cases of finger injuries are simple compaction or twisting stemming from forced hyperextension or hyperflexion of the metacarpophageal (MCP), PIP, or distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint; they do not involve fractures. The result of such injuries is swelling, sensitivity and reduced range of motion of the joint [2,3]. The treatment of PIP injuries entails the main goal of preventing a passive extension deficit in the joint [4]. Regardless of the protocol employed, all researchers recommend conservative treatment [5]. While Stage 1 ligament injuries are treated with buddy taping and early mobility, in Stage 2 injuries, the use of a dorsal splint for 10 days is followed by buddy taping for 4–6 weeks [8,9]. In Stage 3 ligament injuries, a dorsal splint is used for 14 days and is followed by buddy taping until functional mobility is restored [10].
Feasibility Analysis and Clinical Applicability of a Modified Type V Resection Method for Malignant Bone Tumors of the Proximal Humerus
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2020
Qing Liu, Zhibing Dai, Junshen Wu, Suzhi Ji, Jingping Bai, Renbing Jiang
In this study, removal of the scapula glenoid fossa required a nearly concave resection by cutting 15° counterclockwise from top to bottom, and then 15° clockwise from bottom to top. This approach of resection cannot remove bone within the base of the coracoid. To ensure extracapsular excision, we used a trigonometric functional relationship for the following analysis (Figure 2). We assumed that both the upper and lower angles (∠A and ∠C) are maintained at 15° at a position 4 mm from the basal, outside, lateral margin of the coracoid process (i.e., 4 mm at points B and D; Figure 2). According to trigonometric function, the maximum longitudinal diameter (AC) is 29.8 mm, which is 4 mm away from the basal outside lateral margin of the coracoid process. This suggests that the modified procedure can avoid injury to the coracoid process when the shoulder joint capsule is completely removed. Using actual measurements of the glenoid longitudinal diameter at 4 mm from the outside lateral edge of the base of the coracoid process (mean, 26.6 mm) and the maximum diameter (mean, 27.2 mm), we calculated the depth of the basal part of the coracoid process resection to be, respectively, 3.56 mm and 3.64 mm, which were within the maximum allowable depth of 4 mm. This suggests that the modified procedure (the modified type V resection) is feasible within 4 mm of the basal outside lateral margin of the coracoid process.