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Lessons to Be Learnt from Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
Prachi Garodia, Sosmitha Girisa, Varsha Rana, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Bharat B. Aggarwal
Many factors can lead to the development of osteoarthritis. They are aging, excessive exercise, obesity, immune disorders, genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, injury and infection (Gupta et al. 2016). Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and remains one of the few chronic diseases related to aging, with fewer treatment options (Felson 2009). The most important feature of osteoarthritis is the advanced destruction of articular cartilage that results in impaired joint motion and severe pain, leading to the person’s disability (Ameye and Chee 2006). The condition of osteoarthritis is not only limited to articular cartilage. It also affects the entire portion of the joint, including the subchondral bone, menisci, ligaments, periarticular muscle, capsule, adjacent connective tissue and the synovial membrane, giving rise to pain, swelling, deformity and instability (Sanghi et al. 2009; Ziskoven et al. 2010). Though osteoarthritis occurs in many joints, the knee, hip, hand and facet joints are mostly affected (Ziskoven et al. 2010). Osteoarthritis is one of the chronic diseases that forms an example for the pathology where the treatment could be addressed by proper nutrition (Ameye and Chee 2006).
Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Erica L. Moran, Earl R. Bogoch
Microscopic changes are typical of an acute exudative inflammatory reaction which changes into a chronic erosive synovitis. Initial changes are observed as early as five hours after injections. Recurrent acute phases last for 10-15 days, with vascular congestion, edema, extensive fibrin deposition and infiltration by neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes. Not only the synovial membrane, but also joint capsule, periarticular tissue, tendon sheath, muscle bundles, and muscle attachments are affected. Over two weeks the acute phase is replaced by a chronic proliferative synovitis which destroys and replaces subchondral cartilage and bone, and which is characterized by infiltrates of macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils, but not lymphoid follicles, in the synovial villi. The severity and duration of arthritis depends on the dose and also the strain of bacteria employed. Group A and B type streptococci are able to induce arthritis without fragmentation, and often with a long latent period. Portions of the bacterial cell which are not able to persist in the host for long periods of time induce only transient arthritis. Animals which have streptococcal cell wall arthritis exhibit other features which are comparable to rheumatoid arthritis, including chronic microcytic anemia, anergy, reduced production of interleukin-2, reduced mononuclear cell proliferation from the spleen in response to mitogens, and responses to several therapeutic agents. Histologic studies of the earliest stages of streptococcal cell wall induced arthritis show that endothelial cells are the first to be damaged.40
Comparative Anatomy and Development of the Mammalian Disc
Published in Peter Ghosh, The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc, 2019
A synovial membrane, an extension of the costovertebral joint capsule, separates the intercapital ligament from the dorsal annulus, but not usually from the dorsal longitudinal ligament.32,35 Species differences exist in the detailed arrangement of the synovial membrane, and the rabbit may have none, since the fibers of the ligament are incorporated into the disc.32 Furthermore, a recent report suggests that the synovial membrane completely surrounds the ligament in the cat.34 However, no evidence for this could be found by others,12 who noticed, instead, that the intercapital ligament is attached to the dorsal longitudinal ligament by loose connective tissue.
Synovial chondromatosis of the distal radio-ulnar joint
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
David Botros, Ken Ford, Brendan Holderread, Al Mollabashy, James Rizkalla
Due to its variable presentation and symptomology, diagnostic criteria for SC have not been formally defined. Arthroscopic removal of the cartilaginous loose bodies with partial or full synovectomy is usually preferred for symptomatic SC patients, because it shortens recovery time and postsurgical complications.7–12 Open surgery, however, may be superior for smaller, less accessible joints (such as SC of the wrist)1,13–15 or with highly recurrent disease16 where complete synovectomy is desired. Rates of postsurgical SC recurrence range from 7.1% in the hip17 to 17% in the wrist.1 In addition, recurrence often results from incomplete removal of the synovial membrane18,19 with subsequent reactivation of the three phases of disease following surgery. With such a wide range for recurrence, our report of multiple recurrences within 13 months presents an uncommonly aggressive form of SC.
Mass Spectrometry-based Biomarkers for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Mirella J.J. Haartmans, Kaj S. Emanuel, Gabrielle J.M. Tuijthof, Ron M. A. Heeren, Pieter J. Emans, Berta Cillero-Pastor
The human knee consists of different tissue types and fluids. Both femur and tibia, as well as the patella, are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage, supporting subtle movement of the knee. Between these layers of cartilage, a thin layer of synovial fluid is lubricating the cartilage surface for smooth movement. Several ligaments, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), limit these movements, giving the knee its stability. To prevent bone-to-bone friction and absorb some of the impact on the knee, the menisci are located between the edges of the cartilage layers. All these tissues are surrounded by a layer of synovial membrane, the knee capsule. Finally, yet importantly, underneath the patellar ligament, Hoffa’s fat pad (HFP) or the infrapatellar fat pad is located (Figure 1). HFP has been proven an important metabolic organ, involved in OA’s inflammatory response [8,9]. In the OA knee, the cartilage is damaged, synovium thickened and inflamed, and there is more synovial fluid present (Figure 1).
Molecular analysis of the destruction of articular joint tissues by Raman spectroscopy
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Paula Casal-Beiroa, Pío González, Francisco J. Blanco, Joana Magalhães
The synovial membrane is a connective tissue that lines the inner side of the diarthrodial joints, tendon sheaths, and joint pockets [43]. It produces the synovial fluid (SF), composed of an ultrafiltrate of blood supplemented with additives, produced by synoviocytes. Its function is to nourish cartilage and lubricate joints for which lubricin, a glycocomposite binded to hyaluronan (HA), plays a major role [44–46]. During OA, synovial fluid proteins become progressively denatured [47]. Plasma infiltration induces a decrease in HA concentration and molecular weight, caused by abnormal metabolic processes [48]. These changes result in the loss of SF lubricating properties and viscosity [44,49]. In addition, there is an increase in inorganic crystals and cytokines that can also cause synovitis or inflammation of the synovial membrane [50].