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The Anatomy of Joints Related to Function
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
All freely movable joints are synovial (although not all synovial joints are freely mobile). The components of a typical synovial joint are illustrated in Figure 1D. As described in the anatomy texts, an individual synovial joint comprises those articular surfaces and structures enclosed within a single joint capsule (plus those extracapsular ligaments biomechanically associated with it). Such a definition has its logic in descriptive morphology and clearly has its uses—implicit in the clinical examination, pathology, and treatment of rheumatological disease, for instance. However, classification based entirely upon descriptive morphology is often not at all helpful in understanding biomechanics and locomotor function. Here it is necessary to define the functional units, which may be merely part of a single joint or may comprise a group of joints that together have an integral function.
De Fabrica Humani Corporis—Fascia as the Fabric of the Body
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
It may also be the interstitial substance of mesenchyme that forms this mechanically connecting and separating dimension. Consider cartilage in this context. Cartilage types include the tough, chondrocyte-laden fibrous cartilage; elastin rich elastic cartilage (comprising much of your ear); and the collagen type II-rich, glass-like hyaline cartilage. Cartilage may provide relatively flexible structure and creates forms, like your ear. Cartilage can also serve motility by creating space, as is the case in the fissures of the synovial joints. It can also be seen in the formation of fissures in symphyses and in the intervertebral discs.
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The majority of joints are classified as synovial joints, as exemplified by those in knees and knuckles. As shown in Figure 11.11, a synovial joint links bones with a fibrous capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones’ articulating surfaces. The capsule is typically surrounded by soft tissue structures that support the joint and help facilitate movement. These structures include: tendons that attach muscles to bone, ligaments that attach bone to bone, bursae, and small sacs of synovial fluid that provide additional cushioning and lubrication. The health of a synovial joint is intertwined with the health of the supporting soft tissue structures. For example, damage to a ligament can skew joint alignment and eventually lead to joint degeneration (osteoarthritis) and vice versa.
Triptolide and l -ascorbate palmitate co-loaded micelles for combination therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and side effect attenuation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Man Li, Guoqiang Wang, Yinyin Yan, Mengyuan Jiang, Zhirong Wang, Zhenqiang Zhang, Xiangxiang Wu, Huahui Zeng
To address these issues, a novel TP nanoparticle was developed for RA treatment. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is one of the most effective antioxidants, ascorbic reagents and so on. Some studies have shown that vitamin C plays a significant protective role by maintaining the antioxidant activity of hydroxyl oxidase and reducing reactive oxygen species and tissue oxidative damage. In addition, it can inhibit the triptolide-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting the occurrence of oxidative stress (Dennis & Witting, 2017; Xu et al., 2019). Here, triptolide loaded nanoparticles were prepared by using vitamin C derivatives as the carrier, which could reduce some side effects of TP and guarantee the therapeutic effect for RA. Besides, it was confirmed by the toxicity assay in vivo, the clinical indexes of the anti-inflammatory effect, and the histological analyses of synovial joints.
Autologous conditioned serum for degenerative diseases and prospects
Published in Growth Factors, 2021
Seyed Kazem Shakouri, Sanam Dolati, Jessica Santhakumar, Avnesh S. Thakor, Reza Yarani
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic painful debilitating disease of synovial joints, affecting cartilage, ligaments, joint lining, and surrounding bones (Deshpande et al. 2016). IL-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OA (Sulzbacher 2013). IL-1β stimulates matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandin production, both of which have a negative effect on cartilage matrix integrity (Nixon et al. 2018). ACS indicates the new direction of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) for the treatment of knee OA by affecting responsible compounds in the pathogenesis of the disease (Hermann, Lambova, and Muller-Ladner 2018; Mathiessen and Conaghan 2017). The use of ACS in patients with synovial joints OA has shown promising outcomes (Vitali et al. 2020). IL-1Ra suppresses cytokine-induced catabolism in cartilage more effectively in the presence of synovium, which was associated with endogenous production of anti-catabolic factors (Mehta et al. 2019). Treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee with ACS and physiotherapy produced a rapid decline in pain, which was sustained for the entire two years of the study and also postponed joint replacement (Baselga García-Escudero and Miguel Hernández Trillos 2015). ACS also improved joint homeostasis and SF viscosity (Shirokova et al. 2020).
Coll2-1 and Coll2-1NO2 as exemplars of collagen extracellular matrix turnover – biomarkers to facilitate the treatment of osteoarthritis?
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Ali Mobasheri, Cecile Lambert, Yves Henrotin
Despite the fact that all joint tissues are implicated in disease progression in OA, it is the articular cartilage component that has received the most attention in the context of aging, injury, and disease [5]. Articular cartilage is a load-bearing connective tissue that serves as a template for the development of skeletal elements during embryogenesis [6] and is responsible for the smooth and friction-free joint articulation in synovial joints. However, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair because of its avascular nature [7] and the low proliferation rate of chondrocytes. One of the major hallmarks of OA progression is the loss of articular cartilage, which is detected radiographically. The loss of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) can also be detected and quantified with more advanced imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).