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Biochemistry of Exercise Training: Effects on Bone
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Panagiota Klentrou, Rozalia Kouvelioti
Two types of bone are found in the body: cortical and trabecular bone. About 75–80% of the makeup of bones consists of compact tissue, while the remaining 20–25% is spongy tissue. Cortical tissue, which surrounds the marrow space of bones, comprises the strongest part of the bone and has supportive and protective properties (21). This type of bone tissue is dense, with well-defined periosteal and endosteal surfaces. The periosteum is the fibrous membrane, which covers the outer surfaces of bones (near the soft tissue), and the endosteum is the membrane that lines the internal cavities of bones (closer to the bone marrow). As a result of the low surface to volume ratio and small surface adjacent to the marrow, there is a low turnover rate in cortical bone (21), despite the cells along the portion of endosteal bone being metabolically active and involved in bone turnover. Cortical bone constantly remodels itself in response to changing mechanical and nonmechanical environmental signals and microdamage. The remodelling process in cortical bone consists of the removal of existing intracortical bone followed by the generation of new osteons (90).
Miscellaneous
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
The epiphysis of long bones is the typical insertion site for IO access. The three main layers are Periosteum – the outermost layer that surrounds the bone.Cortical bone – the middle layer, which is heavily mineralised and contains a network of blood vessels. The Haversian canals are vertical channels for blood vessels and nerves found on the outermost region of cortical bone and are connected by horizontal Volkmann canals. Concentric layers (lamellae) containing osteophytes surround the Haversian canals and interconnections between the channels and osteophytes are called canaliculi.Cancellous bone – the innermost layer and consists of multiple trabeculae in a lattice-like structure. The space between the trabeculae contains blood vessels and bone marrow. With correct placement, the tip of the IO needle lies within the cancellous bone.
Orthopaedics
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Figure 13.1 shows the various parts of the bone, which may need further description. A long bone, such as the tibia (shin bone) or humerus (the upper arm bone), or short long bones, such as the metacarpals (the bones you see on the back of the hand) and metatarsals (in the feet) are divided up into several parts for descriptive purposes. At either end is an epiphysis. The periosteum is an outer membrane of bone-forming tissue and this assists with growth during the growing period and is also responsible for laying down bone during fracture healing throughout the patient’s life. Endosteum is a similar lining of tissue within the bone between the compact (or hard) outer bone and the spongy bone of the medullary cavity (the marrow of the bone). Where a bone takes part in a joint it is covered by what is known as articular cartilage. A bone derives its nutrition from the nutrient arteries that reach it either by perforating the hard outer bone (the cortex) or by way of the joint capsules, which are connected to the bone near the edges of the joint.
In silico modelling of long bone healing involving osteoconduction and mechanical stimulation
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Jean-Louis Milan, Ian Manifacier, Nicolas Rousseau, Martine Pithioux
In many instances natural bone healing and consolidation leads to the complete reconstruction of the injured tissue. The periosteum, a highly vascularized bone envelop, is a major contributor to the healing process. The periosteum acts as a clear boundary between the area where bone tissue must regrow and surrounding tissues. In addition, the periosteum favors the supply of mesenchymal cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts and synthesize bone matrix. Unfortunately, in the case of large bone lesions of either pathological (tumorous or infectious) or traumatic origin, the periosteum may be completely damaged. As a result, the risk of inadequate bone reconstruction remains significant and unpredictable. Such lesions may result in a pseudo arthrosis preventing any future consolidation (Rolland and Saillant 1995).
Lacrimal Fossa Bony Changes in Chronic Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and Acute Dacryocystitis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Mohammad Javed Ali, Dilip Kumar Mishra, Nandini Bothra
The bony periosteum separates the bone proper from the lacrimal sac. The presence of a normal bone in the previous studies suggests that the periosteum could be acting as a barrier and preventing the spread of infection and inflammation to the bone. Hinton et al.3 believed that bony remodeling in their series could be because of the thin or absent periosteum in the lacrimal fossa, which they noted during surgery. While periosteum may be thin in certain areas, its absence is certainly not the case, as noted in the present study. In fact, the periosteum in chronic PANDO was found to be quite thickened and appeared to be influenced by the duration of the disease. The present study’s authors believe that periosteal thickening and fibrosis in long-standing cases are secondary to repeated inflammatory attacks.
Refracture after plate removal following ulnar shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome – a retrospective case–control study
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Soo Min Cha, Hyun Dae Shin, Byung Kuk Ahn
The incidence of plate removal in the present study was 49% (256 of 523 patients), which was similar to that reported by Rajgopal et al. [23]. In addition, refracture rates following plate removal have been reported to range from 2.5% to 11.4% [12,23,26]. In the present study, refracture occurred in eleven patients (4.5%). Plate removal was performed at a mean of 13.2 months after index surgery, and refracture occurred at a mean of 7.5 months after the second surgery. Other reports of refracture after plate removal indicated heterogeneous etiologies, including forearm fractures [11,26,27]. Forearm fractures caused by trauma represent a different mechanism compared to elective osteotomy. Strong forces must be applied to the diaphysis of the radius or ulna for a fracture to occur. This is often accompanied by fracture comminution, periosteal stripping, open injuries, and soft-tissue loss. All of these factors may delay or prevent fracture healing. In addition, if the plates are removed before complete union has occurred, there is a significant risk of refracture. Therefore, we emphasize that refracture after only USO plate removal should be differentially assessed, similar to recommendations by Pomerance [12] and Rajgopal et al. [23]. Pomerance suggested that plate removal should be performed after 6–9 months to have a low risk of refracture [12]. However, we removed the plates after at least 12 months in all 256 patients with critical inspections for complete union. However, the timing of plate removal seems to have no effect on refracture rate, as plate removal was performed at least 12 months after USO in our study.