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Functional Rehabilitation
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The shoulder or glenohumeral joint is a highly mobile ball and socket joint designed to peform a wide variety of movements over large ranges to orientate the hand. The humeral head sits in a shallow glenoid socket, like a golf ball sitting on a tee, making the glenohumeral joint mobile but also unstable. To increase stability, a fibrocartilage disc known as the glenoid labrum sits on top of the glenoid. The labrum deepens the shallow socket, creating a more stable structure, although the labrum can be torn by traumatic injury.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The glenohumeral joint relies heavily on its soft tissues to stabilize it because the glenoid fossa of the scapula provides only a shallow socket in which the head of the humerus sits (see shoulder complex – joints). Stability of the joint is achieved passively by the ligaments that span the joint and functionally by the muscles surrounding the joint. Muscles are responsible for both joint rotation movements and drawing the bones together to strengthen the joint and maintain its integrity. The major role of the infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles – the rotator cuff – is strengthening and stabilizing the shoulder joint by drawing the humerus into the glenoid fossa. The glenoid fossa is shallow and almost vertical in orientation, therefore, the supraspinatus plays a major role in preventing downward dislocation of the humerus when carrying heavy weights in the hand. The infraspinatus and teres minor muscles also play a role in externally rotating the arm. Subscapularis internally rotates the arm and supraspinatus abducts the arm.
Upper Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The proximal portion of the humerus includes several gross features: head of the humerus, anatomical neck of the humerus, surgical neck of the humerus; processes for muscle attachment such as the greater tubercle of the humerus, lesser tubercle of the humerus, and deltoid tuberosity; and grooves for passage of tendons and vessels such as the humeral intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove), and radial groove (Plate 4.7). As their names indicate, the anatomical neck is the one that can be more easily seen in gross observation of dry bones, surrounding the articular surface, while the surgical neck is the one most at risk of fracture. The articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula is called the glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint. The glenohumeral ligaments connecting the humerus and scapula strengthen the anterior wall of the capsule of the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint allows the humerus to be highly mobile: It can be flexed, extended, adducted, abducted, medially (internally) rotated, and externally (laterally) rotated (see Box 4.3).
Longitudinal assessments of strength and dynamic balance from pre-injury baseline to 3 and 4 months after labrum repairs in collegiate athletes
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Ling Li, Brenna K. McGuinness, Jacob S. Layer, Yu Song, Megan A. Jensen, Boyi Dai
The glenoid labrum is a fibrous rim that surrounds the glenoid cavity to stabilize the glenohumeral joint. Certain labrum injuries may require surgical repairs for specific populations (Dodson and Altchek, 2009). In the general population, the superior labrum from anterior to posterior (SLAP) repairs represent approximately 9.4% of total shoulder surgeries (Weber, Martin, Seiler, and Harrast, 2012). In National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) athletes, SLAP tears and other non-SLAP labrum tears are the two upper extremity injuries mostly requiring surgical treatment (Gil, Goodman, DeFroda, and Owens, 2018). SLAP tears comprise over 17% of shoulder surgeries, while non-SLAP labrum tears are a portion of surgical treatment to shoulder instability that makes up more than 60% of shoulder surgeries (Gil, Goodman, DeFroda, and Owens, 2018).
A case of unilateral shoulder joint hydrarthrosis with wild-type amyloidogenic transthyretin amyloidosis
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2020
Toshiaki Tsukada, Masamitsu Tanaka, Yoichi Miyazaki, Yoshihiro Nishiura, Taro Yamashita, Masao Kishikawa
Two years ago, she began to experience pain and swelling in her right shoulder joint so she visited a nearby orthopaedic surgery clinic. She was treated with NSAIDs and given hydracenthesis several times, but her joint symptoms did not improve. She then visited the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at our hospital. Physical examination revealed tenderness and localised swelling of the right shoulder joint. Upon neurological examination, the patient presented general weakness in both upper extremities (Medical Research Council (MRC) grade 3) and lower extremities (MRC grade 2). Anterior to posterior radiographic view of the right shoulder joint demonstrated a deformity of the scapular glenoid and humeral head. MRI demonstrated severe hydrarthrosis and CT demonstrated joint destruction leading to loss of the congruency of the right glenohumeral joint (Figure 1).
In silico study of glenoid perforation during total shoulder arthroplasty: the effects on stress & micromotion
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Abdul Hadi Abdul Wahab, Amir Putra Md Saad, Ardiyansyah Syahrom, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir
Cortical and cancellous of scapula bone 3D model were develop from healthy female (26-year old) Malaysian CT data using commercial software (Mimics, Materialise, Belgium). Slice thickness was 0.699 mm. Hounsfield Unit (HU) values for cancellous bone was set between 120 and 350, while those for cortical were above 350. The dimensions of scapula were 32 mm for height of glenoid fossa, while upper and lower width were set to 16.7 mm and 23.5 mm, respectively. Meshing process for 3D scapula bones were done using Mimics software, while the prostheses were meshed in Abaqus (HKS Inc., Pawtucket, RI, USA). All parts were meshed with four-node tetrahedral elements. Convergence study was performed to ensure the reliability of the models based on Von Mises stress values. The optimum mesh size for all components were needed to compromise between time and accuracy of results. The optimal mesh for the scapula bone used in this study ranged between 164,162 and 165,373, depending on the implant designs. For the implant and cement, the number of elements ranged between 58,892 and 71,421, also depending on the designs.