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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Anatomically, there is no difference between saltwater fish and freshwater fish. Both saltwater and freshwater fish breathe through specialized gills, which are openings located on their skin (23). The main difference resides in the regulation of salt and water contents in their tissues by osmosis in order to maintain the ratio of salt and water levels constant with their water environment – saltwater or freshwater. Freshwater fish have gills that function to diffuse water while ensuring bodily fluids remain inside the fish (23). Freshwater fish have large, well-developed kidneys that are able to process large amounts of urine in order to avoid an excess of water in their body tissues (23). Saltwater fish lose large quantities of internal body fluids through their gills because of osmosis. Since saline water is less diluted than the internal fluids of the fish, the saline water rushes in to replace the internal fluids in an effort to form an equilibrium. They replace lost water by consuming large quantities of saltwater (23).
Amatoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Prevention of mushroom poisoning should center on education of the general public about the correct identification of edible mushrooms from poisonous species, and avoiding consumption of mushrooms of uncertain identity. In particular, Amanita phalloides (Euro-Asian death cap) resembles several edible species (e.g., paddy straw mushroom [Volvariella volvacea] in Asia, Caesar's mushroom and puffballs), increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Similar to Euro-Asian death cap, Volvariella sp. possesses a volva at the base of the stem and the gills do not reach the stem. However, Volvariella has no ring on the stem, the gills are pale pinkish-brown rather than white, and the cap is more brown to greyish and conical.
Water Permeability of the Gill Epithelium: Salinity and Temperature Relations
Published in Gheorghe Benga, Water Transport in Biological Membranes, 1989
Gills (alternatively branchiae) may be defined broadly as outpushings of the body surface of an aquatic animal which are specialized primarily to maximize the respiratory exchange of dissolved gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).1 Specializations of branchial structure serve to incorporate a large exchange surface area and a short transintegumental diffusion distance.2 Gills are characteristic of fishes, larval (and certain adult) amphibians, and many coelomate invertebrates. Although customarily considered in terms of a respiratory function, gills in general are adaptable, multifunctional structures which may play important roles in osmoregulation, locomotion, and feeding. Indeed, in certain invertebrates, structures classed as gills serve for dissolved-gas exchange no more than the remainder of the body surface, while in others, localized areas of the body wall may become specialized as respiratory plaques without elaboration into recognizable gills. Gills and lungs may be found together in animals specialized for a bimodal existence and in larvae undergoing emergent metamorphosis.
Toxic and bioaccumulative effects of zinc nanoparticle exposure to goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Hamed Ghafarifarsani, Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati, Morteza Yousefi, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Peyman Yarahmadi, Seyedeh Soraya Mahmoudi, Hien Van Doan
At the end of the exposure period, three fish were sampled from each tank, anesthetized, and dissected. The gills and liver tissues were then isolated. The tissue samples were prepared to analyze Zn concentrations as described in Kaya et al. (2015). Briefly, the wet tissue samples were weighed, and after drying in an incubator at 100 °C for 2 days, digested in 4 mL of 50% HNO3. Once completely dissolved, concentrations of metal in the solutions were calculated by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (VG PQ2 TURBO). Quality control of the results was performed using certified reference materials including Spiny Dogfish Squalus acanthias muscle (DORM-2) and American lobster humarus americanus hepatopancreas (TORT-2). The amount of zinc accumulation in tissues was presented as micrograms per gram (µg g−1) of the dry weight.
Splenectomy in zebrafish: a new model for immune thrombocytopenia
Published in Platelets, 2022
Uvaraj P Radhakrishnan, Ayah Al Qaryoute, Revathi Raman, Pudur Jagadeeswaran
Splenectomy was performed on larger vertebrates, including rainbow trout [23,24]. However, it is difficult to use such animals in laboratory research. Although zebrafish is approximately 1.5 inches long, since the internal organs, particularly spleen, get entangled among the other organs, this twisting makes it challeng to remove the spleen and is not a trivial undertaking. Thus, splenectomy had to be performed under a stereomicroscope. In addition, the fish had to be kept alive by pumping water over the gills, so ventilation is facilitated. This modification is important for laparotomy in zebrafish. Since anesthesia does not last more than 10 minutes in zebrafish, the surgery had to be performed within that period. Furthermore, since the spleen is so small using scissors to cut, it may result in organ damage. Thus, the unique pulling technique was introduced. Pulling any small debris is usually used in surgery. The lack of severe bleeding is probably due to the fact that fish blood clots faster than human blood.
Assessment of genotoxic and pathologic potentials of fipronil insecticide in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Abdul Ghaffar, Riaz Hussain, Ghulam Abbas, Rahela Khan, Kashfa Akram, Hina Latif, Saman Ali, Sidra Baig, Xiaoxia Du, Ahrar Khan
Histological analysis of gills of fish in groups E-F after day 3rd of post-exposure showed atrophy of secondary lamellae, disorganization of primary and secondary lamellae, uplifting and curling of secondary lamellae, necrosis of lamellar epithelial cells, telangiectasia of secondary lamellae, congestion in cartilaginous cores, fusion of secondary lamellae and uplifting arrangements in epithelial cells of secondary lamellae (Figure 5). Similar, but mild to moderate changes in gills of fish kept in group C were also observed. Tissues of kidneys of fish present in groups E–F at days 3, 6 and 9 of the experiment showed degeneration glomeruli, ceroid (Figure 6(a)), edema, increased Bowman’s space, as well as congestion, atrophy, and necrosis of tubular epithelial cells (Figure 6(b)). Congestion, edema, degeneration glomeruli and atrophy of lumen of renal tubules were also observed in fish of group D at days 6 and 9 of the experiment.