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Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulation
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
When a subject is cooled in a standing or sitting position, the muscles over the posterior neck and upper back are under constant tension. The atlas bone (first cervical vertebra) supports the entire weight of the cranium, face, and jaw on a pivot posterior to the balance point of the head. The inferior portions of the anterior skull also support the pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea. When the body is upright, the weight of these structures anterior to the atlas pivot would rotate the head forward if not for the pull of the posterior cervical muscles, mainly the trapezius. Any tension in the anterior neck muscles requires the posterior muscles to contract more, as does leaning the head forward.
Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Rectus capitis anterior originates on the first cervical vertebra from the lateral mass and base of the transverse process (Standring 2016). It inserts into the basilar part of the occipital bone (Standring 2016).
Craniovertebral Junction Anomalies
Published in Swati Goyal, Neuroradiology, 2020
This occurs due to failure of segmentation between the skull and the first cervical vertebra. It may be complete or partial and leads to basilar invagination. The clivus-canal angle may be reduced, though the Wackenheim clivus baseline may be normal.
Posterior Fossa Decompression and superficial durotomy rather than complete durotomy and duraplasty in the management of Chiari 1
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Adem Aslan, Usame Rakip, Mehmet Gazi Boyacı, Serhat Yildizhan, Serhat Kormaz, Emre Atay, Necmettin Coban
The patient was positioned on the operating table in the prone position with the help of a nail head. Then, routine perioperative preparations were made and the bone structures between the inion and the second cervical vertebra (C2) were opened. In the preoperative stage, the planum nuchale was measured with the help of CT. It turned towards the cerebellum and compressed it at a sharp angle under the occipital bone, especially the linea nuchae inferior. Decompression was performed accordingly under a microscope. Then, laminectomy was performed on the first cervical vertebra (C1). Ligaments and other structures attached to the dura mater were removed. Later, a vertical incision was made only in the periosteal layer without a full incision of the dura mater, and thus the dura mater was seen to stretch. Then, each layer was closed following the anatomical structure (Figure 2, Video 1). Although this value varies from patient to patient, it is generally between 2 and 3 cm in both vertical and horizontal planes.
Modelling of intracranial behaviour on occiput impact in judo
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
Ryutaro Suzuki, Masaki Omiya, Hiroaki Hoshino, Takeshi Kamitani, Yusuke Miyazaki
The brainstem connects the spinal cord and the cerebrum, and is modelled as a spring and damper element in the translational direction. The connection position of the brainstem cerebrum was determined with reference to an anatomical image (Ellis et al. 1999). In addition, the brainstem was fixed to the head at the first cervical vertebra (C1), which connects the head and neck. The force and displacement relation of the brainstem shown in Figure 5 was calculated with reference to the results of a tensile and compression test of a pig’s cerebral cortex (Miller and Chinzei 2002). The diameter and length of the brainstem were set to 20.4 mm and 90.9 mm, respectively. The damping coefficient of the damper element was set to 0.001 Ns/mm, which was calibrated from the cadaver experimental results.
Transcervical endoscopic approach for parapharyngeal space: a cadaver study and clinical practice
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2020
Yi Fang, Haitao Wu, Andrew D. Tan, Lei Cheng
The transverse process of the first cervical vertebra could be easily detected. It was defined as a bony landmark inside which the accessory nerves and carotid sheath could be located. The root of styloid process was another important landmark behind which contained the most vital structures: the internal carotid artery (ICA), internal jugular vein (IJV), lower cranial nerves IX to XII (Figure 3(C)). Also, the related position of ECA with facial nerve and parotid gland was exposed during the dissection (Figure 3(D)).