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Globalization, Transnationalism, and the Analytical Feasibility of Ancestry Estimation
Published in Heather M. Garvin, Natalie R. Langley, Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology, 2019
Joseph T. Hefner, Jennifer F. Byrnes
The cranium and mandible do not appear morphologically idiosyncratic (see Figure 6.5). The vault is high and relatively short. Although the nasal bones were fractured (antemortem), the steep-sided walls and modest surface plateau with moderate nasal suture pinching is a frequent observation in the American White sample in the MaMD (Hefner & Linde, 2018). The sutures – fused or fusing are not pathologically altering the general shape of the cranium. No one of the MMS trait scores (see Table 6.4) is outside of the range expected in any of the samples from the MaMD, let alone the American White sample. In fact, there is nothing of anthropological interest with this cranium. Yet, in the craniometric, macromorphoscopic, and mandibular analyses, the results indicated a somewhat uncommon suite of shape features.
Growth of the Cranial Base HHiH
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
Table 11.4 is taken from data published by the authors listed, using the mean values only to gain an approximation of orders of magnitude. All figures represent increases in mean measurements. A crucial point for measurement in all of these was either the sella point (Brodie Jr., 1955; Björk, 1955a,b; Stramrud, 1959; Latham, 1972a) or pituitary point (Zuckerman, 1955; Knott, 1969, 1971), though Latham (1972a) made direct measurements from contact radiographs of sagittally sectioned postmortem specimens. The validity of various craniometric reference points, especially for roentgencephalometry, is discussed below.
Modern Cross-Sectional Imaging in Anthropology
Published in Michael J. Thali M.D., Mark D. Viner, B. G. Brogdon, Brogdon's Forensic Radiology, 2010
Fabrice Dedouit, Norbert Telmon, Hervé Rousseau, Eric Crubézy, Francis Joffre, Daniel Rougé
When visual morphological examination is not possible, for example in mummies with dehydrated cephalic soft tissues that must be preserved, numerical analysis of crania can provide assistance through a statistical comparative pop-ulation approach.21 In such cases, a major advantage of MSCT is the possibility of metric studies, of the skull in particular. These can be done using the existing methods developed on dry bones. Metric determination of racial phenotype is based on the use of selected measurements that show statistically significant interpopulation differences.20 This technique necessitates a thorough knowledge of skeletal landmarks, proper equipment, and precise measuring skills. There can be complex combinations of shape and size differences, which are not morphologically obvious, between populations, and these may be quantified and evaluated by using a set of measurements. The statistical technique most commonly used is discriminant function analysis, which assumes that human variation spans a continuum across space and populations, but concentration of people with similar features can be found toward the centers, whereas at the peripheries there may be an overlap with neighboring groups. In this context, a recent study validated the accuracy and exactness of craniometric measurements performed on skull CT reconstructions, with results identical to those obtained on the same dry skulls.23
Social Work as a Product and Project of Whiteness, 1607–1900
Published in Journal of Progressive Human Services, 2021
Polygeny refers to the belief that different types of humans can be classified as separate species. Craniometry describes the practice of measuring physical differentiations among human skulls as supposed empirical evidence of this natural division of humans into separate species. With these racist scientific tools, Agassiz became the foremost proponent of the theory that white- and black-skinned humans comprised categorically different species, while Morton amassed a collection of human skulls whose disparate physical dimensions he interpreted as indicators of relative superiority or inferiority. Of course, each of these scientists subjectively read social meaning into physiological differences between white and black populations in a systematically racist manner to justify white supremacy. Their collective work contended that white and black were separate species, and that the marginally larger average skull size of white humans relative to black humans verified that white humans were, in fact, superior (Gould, 1996). Society heeded this “scientific” wisdom, finding a comfortable rationalization for the existing racial stratification that facilitated white supremacy and dehumanized African Americans.
Introduction of spring-assisted cranioplasty for scaphocephaly in Russia: first cases evaluated using detailed craniometry and principal component analysis
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2019
Leonid Satanin, Ivan Teterin, Andrey Evteev, Alexander Sakharov, Lars Kölby, Natalia Lemeneva, Vitaly Roginsky
At the Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, several approaches to neurosurgical intervention, including distraction devices, have been used on scaphocephalic patients. In 2015, SAC was introduced as a new method, making it necessary to demonstrate its advantages and disadvantages in order to clarify the selection and use of this particular technique. Therefore, a detailed study of the clinical characteristics of patients with scaphocephaly who underwent SAC, as well as changes in patient skull morphology after surgery, was performed using a set of craniometric variables and according to intracranial volume (ICV). This represents an evaluation of the results of the first series of patients with scaphocephaly treated with SAC in Russia.
Facial anthropometric measurements in Iranian male workers using Digimizer version 4.1.1.0 image analysis software: a pilot study
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2018
Elham Salvarzi, Alireza Choobineh, Mehdi Jahangiri, Sareh Keshavarzi
Craniometry is an important subset of anthropometry, which measures the anatomical sizes of the head and face (craniofacial indicators) in humans [1]. Anthropometry and investigation of craniofacial anthropometric ratios are applied in dentistry, medicine, oral and maxillofacial surgery, growth studies, plastic surgery, bioengineering and non-medical areas including construction of scalp and personal face protective equipment devices [2].