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Inflammatory, Hypersensitivity and Immune Lung Diseases, including Parasitic Diseases.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Some of the more serious complications may resolve spontaneously, whilst others may progress despite treatment and be life-threatening. Lung complications may be acute with eosinophilic pneumonia or vasculitis (leading to infarction, haemorrhage and collapse - see above) and may respond to steroids. Azothiaprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, thalidomide or colchicine have also been used. Pulmonary artery aneurysms may be embolised or be removed surgically. Embolisation requires a patent peripheral vein and a patent IVC or SVC, which may not be present. Coronary artery or aortic disease may need surgical treatment.
Answers
Published in Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield, The Complete SAQ Study Guide, 2019
Andrew Schofield, Paul Schofield
Angina is central chest pain brought on by exercise and relieved by rest, and indicates coronary artery disease. Diagnosis is often made following the history, and there may be no obvious signs to find on examination, but you should look for signs of aortic stenosis, thyrotoxicosis and anaemia that would suggest the coronary arteries are not the problem. An ECG at rest is most likely to be normal, but signs of previous ischaemia, such as Q waves or left-bundle branch block, may be seen. Other investigations, such as exercise ECGs and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, attempt to identify myocardial ischaemia following stress. Angiography may also be used to determine the coronary artery anatomy, and also if the diagnosis is unclear. Management should include identifying and managing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray may be used when the patient experiences chest pain. This is administered sublingually by the patient and causes coronary vasodilatation, hence improving blood flow through the arteries. Those with significant coronary artery disease often require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), depending on the severity of their condition and the number of vessels involved.
Coronary angiography: Techniques and tools of the trade
Published in John Edward Boland, David W. M. Muller, Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation, 2019
Coronary angiography is performed to investigate coronary artery disease in the setting of acute coronary syndrome, stable angina, or in response to adverse or inconclusive results on non-invasive testing such as stress echocardiography or myocardial perfusion testing. Cardiac catheterisation is valuable in the investigation of valvular and congenital cardiac abnormalities and to assess the patient with cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac shunting, pericardial disease and arrhythmias.
Peripheral complete blood cell count indices and serum lipid levels in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2023
Meng Pan, Pengyi Zhou, Zhenhui Liu, Ju Guo, Liping Du, Xuemin Jin
Patients with systemic disease (i.e., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and coronary artery disease) and without a history of use of any medication that affected complete blood cell count- derived indicators and serum lipid levels were included in the study. The standards used for a diagnosis of hypertension were blood pressure readings of ≥140 mmHg systolic or ≥90 mmHg diastolic pressure, or having a history of hypertension and taking antihypertensive medication. The diagnostic standards for diabetes mellitus were a random blood glucose concentration ≥11.1 mmol/L, a fasting blood–glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, or having a history of diabetes mellitus and anti-diabetic medication. The diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) was based on the results of a review of medical records, which included the medical history.
Circadian rhythms of risk factors and management in atherosclerotic and hypertensive vascular disease: Modern chronobiological perspectives of an ancient disease
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Yong-Jian Geng, Michael H. Smolensky, Oliver Sum-Ping, Ramon Hermida, Richard J. Castriotta
The histological properties and inflammatory characteristics of arterial plaque formation, calcification and ossification were initially described in 1848 by the renowned German pathologist Rudolf Virchow (Virchow 1989). Atherosclerosis is viewed as a chronic disease of “modern” times, i.e., of developed societies and countries, such as the United States and Europe. Indeed, the prevalence of atherosclerosis and its complications, e.g., AMI, IS and HS, are higher in developed than in developing societies, even though during the past few decades, the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been gradually declining with the elaboration and application of increasingly effective therapeutic and preventive management strategies (Herrington et al. 2016). Elevated atherosclerotic-associated coronary and cerebral arterial morbidity and mortality are also prevalent in developing countries undergoing rapid economic growth, such as China and India. Atherosclerosis is often undiagnosed until clinical symptoms present or a cardio/cerebrovascular event occurs. Therefore, the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis may be underestimated. Nonetheless, life-threatening complications of advance atherosclerosis, namely myocardial and cerebral infarction, AMI, IS and HS, appear to be higher in developed than in developing societies.
Numerical study of hemodynamics in a complete coronary bypass with venous and arterial grafts and different degrees of stenosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Shila Alizadehghobadi, Hasan Biglari, Hanieh Niroomand-Oscuii, Meisam H. Matin
One of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases is coronary artery disease which is the leading cause of death all over the world (Wong 2014). The stenosis or blockage of the artery brings about a reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle and therefore causes problems for blood supply to the heart. One of the main treatments for the coronary artery blockage is bypass surgery in which an alternative graft is used to compensate for the blood flow reduction through the coronary artery (Arima et al. 2005; Deb et al. 2013). This graft is connected to the aorta from upstream and to the coronary artery from downstream. Internal thoracic artery (ITA) and small saphenous vein are the commonly used vessels in bypass. The main issue encountered after the bypass surgery is stenosis or partial blockage of the graft which occurs due to the variations in the hemodynamic conditions leading to the failure of the grafting. The hemodynamic conditions strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the artery tissues. Since the accurate experimental evaluation of the parameters is almost elusive due to the challenges associated with the ultrasonic velocity measurement, numerical simulations can examine the flow conditions and hemodynamics conveniently but with some limitations. Owida et al. (2012) provided an overview on numerical simulations of the flow pattern and wall shear stress in the occluded coronary arteries.