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Rheumatic Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Involvement is common in: Synovial joints: apophyseal, costovertebral, sacroiliac, hip, shoulder and peripheral jointsCartilaginous joints: intervertebral discs, the manubriosternal joint and symphysis pubisEntheses: where ligaments, tendons and the joint capsule attach to bone
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The adult human body contains 206 bones and approximately 300 joints, defined as points where two bones meet. Several types of joints are recognized. Synovial joints are found in arms and legs and enable bones to move over each other. Cartilaginous joints, such as those found in the spine and pelvis, provide more stability and less movement. Fibrous joints, as found in the skull, offer stability but do not allow movement at all in the adult. The joints between bones allow movement, with some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g., the ball and socket joint of the shoulder allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones.
The locomotor system
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
The locomotor system is made up of muscles and joints. The two basic structures of joints that permit mobility are cartilage and fibrous tissue. Cartilaginous joints are those in which a wide range of movement is required. The anatomy of the synovial joint is shown in Fig. 5.1.
Foot internal stress distribution during impact in barefoot running as function of the strike pattern
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Enrique Morales-Orcajo, Ricardo Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo, Marta Losa Iglesias, Javier Bayod, Estevam Barbosa de Las Casas
From the perspective of impact mechanics, MFS and FFS presented analogous response in the internal and external stress distribution. However, significant differences were found compared with RFS. In a RFS, the foot presents a stiffer response where only the heel pad absorbed the energy of the impact, producing high compressive stresses in the hindfoot bones and cartilaginous joints. However, when the foot lands flat (MFS) or plantarflexed (FFS), the system gained compliance through flexure of the metatarsals aided by the elastic response of the fascia, which improves the absorption of the impact. Understanding these two mechanisms of impact absorption would help to predict which foot anatomical structure is more prone to injury.
Scoring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inflammation and structural lesions in sacroiliac joints of patients with axial spondyloarthritis: assessment of all MRI slices of the cartilaginous compartment versus standardized six or five slices
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2020
S Krabbe, G Kröber, SJ Pedersen, M Østergaard, JM Møller, IJ Sørensen, B Jensen, OR Madsen, M Klarlund, U Weber
An experienced SPARCC reader (UW) and two newly trained readers (GK and SK) who had undergone a dedicated training course led by UW and who each had experience from one or two previous MRI readouts independently scored 199 SIJ MRI scans in chronological order, blinded to radiography and clinical and demographic data. The most anterior slice was defined as the most anterior slice showing ≥ 1.0 cm of the cartilaginous joint extent, and the most posterior slice was defined as the most posterior slice showing ≥ 1.0 cm of the cartilaginous joint extent. The transitional slice was defined as the most anterior cartilaginous slice which concomitantly showed the first portion of the ligamentous compartment that was clearly visible on the left and/or right side. The cartilaginous SIJ compartment was scored slice by slice from the most anterior to the most posterior slice for the various lesion types. Sum scores were derived by (i) summing up the scores of all individual slices (‘all slices’ approach), and (ii) summing up the scores from the transitional slice and five slices anterior to this for BMO and four slices anterior to this for the structural lesions (6/5 slices approach) (Figure 1). The scoring range for the 6/5 slices approach is 0–72 for BMO (6 slices × 8 SIJ quadrants, 2 SIJs for depth, and 2 SIJs for intensity), 0–40 for fat metaplasia (5 slices × 8 SIJ quadrants), 0–40 for erosion (5 slices × 8 SIJ quadrants), 0–20 for backfill (5 slices × 4 SIJ halves), and 0–20 for ankylosis (5 slices × 4 SIJ halves). The scoring range for the ‘all slices’ approach has no fixed upper limit but varies according to the size of the SIJ and the exact positioning of semicoronal slices.
Sprifermin: a recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Jia Li, Xiaoshuai Wang, Guangfeng Ruan, Zhaohua Zhu, Changhai Ding
Apart from above, there was a post-hoc analysis conducted to evaluate the potential effects of sprifermin on the other non-cartilaginous joint structures of the knee using semi-quantitative MRI assessment. Besides positive effects observed on cartilage morphology changes as previous finding, bone marrow lesions (BMLs) was also observed improved with the treatment of sprifermin in 2 years; however, there were no meaningful effects observed on Hoffa-synovitis, effusion-synovitis, osteophytes or menisci [46].