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The Stomach (ST)
Published in Narda G. Robinson, Interactive Medical Acupuncture Anatomy, 2016
Electroacupuncture at ST 36 + SP 6 was compared to GB 34 + BL 57, in order to study differences in brain activation from acupuncture points located in the same spinal segments. Both overlapping and distinct cerebral response patterns from stimulation of the two pairs were observed. Both pairs of points (ST 36/SP 6 and GB 34/BL 57) activated the primary and secondary somatosensory areas, insula, ventral thalamus, parietal Brodmann Area 40, temporal lobe, putamen, and cerebellum; both deactivated the amygdala. However, ST 36/SP 6 specifically activated the orbital frontal cortex and deactivated the hippocampus, while GB 34/BL 57 activated the dorsal thalamus and inhibited the primary motor area and premotor cortex. These cerebral response differences may help explain why ST 36/SP 6 is indicated more for visceral disorders and pain while GB 34/BL 57 are important points for modulation of muscle and tendon function and motor output.68
Fluid–structure interaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid with a comprehensive head model subject to a rapid acceleration and deceleration
Published in Brain Injury, 2018
Figure 10 shows the cortical areas affected by the SPH impulse intensity at the peak velocity. The diffuse pattern of SPH impulse intensity maxima may represent the cortical areas most affected by a concussion. Brodmann’s areas with at least 10% coverage of maximal SPH impulse intensity include 40 (10.1%), 4 (11.7%), 1, 2, 3 (15.3%) and 52 (21.7%). Brodmann area 40, the left supramarginal gyrus, receives input from multiple sensory modalities and supports complex linguistic processes. Lesions here may result Gerstmann syndrome and fluent aphasia, such as Wernicke’s aphasia. Brodmann area 4 is typically associated with motor functions but also plays a supportive role in sensory perception. Lesions in the primary motor cortex may result in paralysis and decreased somatic sensation. Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 comprise the postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe and are primarily associated with somatosensory perception. Lesions in the postcentral gyrus may result in cortical sensory impairments, including loss of fine touch and proprioception. Brodmann area 52, the parainsular, is the smallest of the mentioned areas and has the high percentage of SPH impulse intensity maxima coverage. It joins the insula and the temporal lobe.
Preliminary findings of altered functional connectivity of the default mode network linked to functional outcomes one year after pediatric traumatic brain injury
Published in Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 2018
Jaclyn A. Stephens, Cynthia F. Salorio, Anita D. Barber, Sarah R. Risen, Stewart H. Mostofsky, Stacy J. Suskauer
In whole-brain contrasts, significant between-group difference in connectivity with the DMN was identified in one cluster (kE = 646) with the peak activated voxel (MNI coordinates 42, −42, 38) residing in right Brodmann Area 40 (BA 40), p < 0.001; see Figure 1. Post hoc evaluation revealed that, in the TBI group, the DMN was positively connected with this region (M = 0.067, SE = 0.037), whereas the control group showed negative connectivity between the DMN and this cluster (M = −0.177. SE = 0.038); see Figure 1.
Assessing lesion location, visual midline perception and proprioception may assist outcome predictions for people affected by lateropulsion
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
With regards to lateropulsion associated with cortical lesions sparing the thalamus, findings suggested a common lesion site in the insula and the postcentral gyrus [12]. However, in a later study, researchers used more informative methodology where they correlated lesion location with lateropulsion severity as measured with a global scale [13]. This study found that lateropulsion was associated with lesions in the junction of the primary sensory cortex and the supramarginal gyrus (Brodmann area 40 in the inferior parietal lobe). It suggests that more severe clinical presentations of lateropulsion are likely to be associated with lesions affecting the supramarginal gyrus. The supramarginal gyrus is adjacent to the posterior insula (the cortical destination of vestibular inputs) and primary sensory cortex (the cortical destination of proprioceptive inputs), and in the non-dominant hemisphere is involved with processing of spatial information. This could also explain findings that lateropulsion was associated with spatial neglect [14]. Although neglect is a different syndrome to lateropulsion, both relate to disturbed spatial processing involving the non-dominant hemisphere. Therefore, clinicians may expect lesions of the non-dominant inferior parietal lobe, to be associated with more severe forms of lateropulsion. Such lesions are likely to affect all three sensory modalities, be more challenging to treat, and lead to less favourable outcomes. Future studies would be particularly useful if participants were stratified according to their lesion location (brainstem, cerebellar, thalamic and cortical) and tested for visual and proprioceptive dysfunction. Such studies could shed new light on the various paths for recovery of people affected by lateropulsion. Future studies could also benefit from the inclusion of standardised global lateropulsion measures (i.e. Burke Lateropulsion Scale or Scale for Contraversive Pushing) [15], to facilitate meaningful comparisons.