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Social-Emotional Agnosias
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Much like damage to the left hemisphere seems most important for disorders of aphasia (see Aphasia), it instead appears to be damage to the right hemisphere that is most likely to produce some of the social-emotional agnosias (Joseph, 1988). As examples, it is believed that damage to the right-sided insula, anterior supramarginal gyrus, and somatosensory cortices can lead to impaired recognition of emotions from facial expressions, while damage to the right-sided posterior-superior temporal region can lead to difficulties in recognizing emotion from prosody (Adams et al., 2019). However, the ability to produce prosody using your own tone of voice seems to involve both hemispheres of the brain, and damage to just one side of the brain often isn't enough to cause affective aprosodia (Ross et al., 2013).
The Limbic System
Published in Jay A. Goldstein, Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, 2020
The anatomic localization of the heteromodal areas, which can provide substantial preprocessed sensory information to the motivational areas of the paralimbic cortex, is not well known in general medicine. These areas include the prefrontal cortex, the supramarginal gyrus, the medial parieto-occipital area, the inferior parietal lobule and the angular gyms.
Velo-cario-Facial Syndrome
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Wendy R. Kates, Kevin Antshel, Wanda Fremont, Nancy Roizen, Robert J. Shprintzen
To gain a fuller understanding of the networks of cortical deficits in VCFS, the implementation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies is also essential. Published functional MRI studies of individuals with VCFS are limited. In an exploration of the neural correlates of mathematics performance, Eliez et al. (55) observed that in contrast to the control group activation of the left supramarginal gyrus in the VCFS group increased with the difficulty of the task presented. These findings suggest that aberrant activation of the left supramarginal gyrus (which is part of the parietal lobe) may underlie the deficits in mathematics performance that is described frequently in children with this syndrome. Additional functional imaging studies of VCFS patients that explore the precise neural correlates of cognitive skills thought to be mediated by the frontal and temporal lobes (such as executive function, verbal fluency, response inhibition, and auditory processing) are also critically needed.
Testing hypotheses about the underlying deficit of apraxia of speech through computational neural modelling with the DIVA model
Published in International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2020
Hayo Terband, Joe Rodd, Edwin Maas
In the DIVA model, the production of a speech sound begins with activation of a speech sound map (SSM) cell in left inferior frontal cortex. SSM cells represent speech sounds (the size of phonemes, syllables, or frequent words and phrases) and are activated by higher-level input from the phonological encoding stage (Bohland, Bullock, & Guenther, 2010; Guenther et al., 2006). The activated SSM cell activates a feedforward control system and a feedback control system, whose motor commands are combined in primary motor cortex. Feedback control involves comparing actual auditory and somatosensory feedback signals to expected auditory and somatosensory consequences, and generating corrective motor commands to motor cortex when a mismatch (error) is detected. Expected sensory consequences are encoded as regions in auditory space (superior temporal gyrus) and somatosensory space (postcentral and supramarginal gyri). Feedforward control involves predictive motor commands from the SSM to motor cortex. Feedforward commands are learned by incorporating the feedback system’s corrective commands from previous productions. With sufficient practice, the feedforward commands generate little to no errors, so that contributions of the feedback control system are minimal during normal speech, although feedback may be continuously monitored for deviations from expectations, even in adult speakers (Tourville, Reilly, & Guenther, 2008).
Neuroanatomical and behavioural factors associated with the effectiveness of two weekly sessions of prism adaptation in the treatment of unilateral neglect
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2020
Maria Gutierrez-Herrera, Simone Eger, Ingo Keller, Joachim Hermsdörfer, Styrmir Saevarsson
Based on the median splits calculated for the improvement in performance at follow-up session in the LM-M and in the cancellation tasks, patients were consistently classified into groups with higher vs lower levels of improvement. To identify the brain regions that were predominantly involved in patients showing a low prism-related improvement in motor-related tasks, we subtracted the superimposed lesions of patients with a higher level improvement (n = 7; Figure 8, bottom panel) from those of patients with a lower level of improvement (n = 7; Figure 8, top panel). As indicated in Figure 9, an extended area could be defined were lesions were 57% more common in patients showing a lower performance improvement in motor-related tasks. This area included the right inferior and middle temporal gyri, thalamus, angular, and supramarginal gyri, postcentral gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and hippocampus. As for the opposite subtraction, brain regions including the right superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, heschl gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri were damaged 57% more often in patients with better performance improvement in motor-related tasks. Additionally, a higher percentage of overlap was observed in the insula, the putamen, and the rolandic operculum (71%) (Figure 9).1
Stroop Task-Related Brain Activity in Patients With Insomnia: Changes After Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Published in Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 2019
Jeong Yeon Hwang, Nambeom Kim, Soohyun Kim, Juhyun Park, Jae-Won Choi, Seog Ju Kim, Chang-Ki Kang, Yu Jin Lee
One possible explanation for this association involves the Stroop task-relevant activity in the left supramarginal cortex. It has been established that the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), including the supramarginal and angular cortices, is critical for reading (Déjerine, 1892). Furthermore, supramarginal-specific functions for word processing, such as orthographic-to-phonological recoding, phonological and auditory short-term memory, executive processing, and articulatory sequencing, can be independent of those of the angular gyrus (Oberhuber et al., 2016; Stoeckel, Gough, Watkins, & Devlin, 2009). Given that the Stroop effect works because the orthographic or phonological implication of a word interferes with the naming response (MacLeod, 1991), it is possible that this area plays a significant role in cognitive processing during the Stroop task. This is in line with the findings of a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies showing that the left supramarginal gyrus is activated during the Stroop task (Laird et al., 2005). From this viewpoint, changes in ISI scores for cognitive functioning during word processing may be supported by activity changes in the left supramarginal gyrus during the Stroop task.