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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
When clinicians refer to body fluid, they mean body water content. Sometimes, the terms body fluid volume and body volume are also used (e.g. ‘volume contracted’ or ‘volume overloaded’). Body water consists of water in cells (intracellular fluid) and water outside cells (extracellular fluid).Extracellular fluid consists of water in the circulation or vascular compartment (intravascular fluid) and water in the tissues or interstitial or extravascular compartment (extravascular fluid).Intravascular extracellular fluid is plasma.
Peri-operative care
Published in Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan, Essential Notes for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2021
Kaji Sritharan, Jonathan Rohrer, Alexandra C Rankin, Sachi Sivananthan
Total body water equates to approximately 60% of total body weight in a man (» 55% in a woman). A 70 kg male is therefore composed of approximately 42 litres of water of which: (28 litres) is Intracellular.(14 litres) is Extracellular – this can be divided into 2 further compartments: intravascular: i.e. plasma 1/4 (3.5 litres)extravascular compartment: 3/4 – composed of interstitial (10.5 litres) and transcellular fluid spaces (0.5 litres) e.g. CSF, peritoneal, ocular and synovial fluid.
Nutrition in Lifestyle Medicine
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
While discussion on nutrition simply focus on solid foods, it is important to also include hydration. Water is essential for life, and the body water content is normally tightly regulated, thus remaining relatively constant throughout the day. Water losses of less than 2% of total body water can result in significant declines in both mental and physical performance. Water losses are increased as ambient temperature rises as well as humidity and also by increased levels of physical activity. A variety of foods and beverages normally contribute to the total body water intake. Thus, when individuals are engaged in weight loss strategies, it is important that they consume extra water to make up for the water that they are no longer taking by decreasing the amount of solid foods in their diet.
Ubiquitin Proteasome System Activity is Suppressed by Curcumin following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Human Skeletal Muscle
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Thomas D. Cardaci, Steven B. Machek, Dylan T. Wilburn, Paul S. Hwang, Darryn S. Willoughby
Total body mass (kg) was determined on a standard dual beam balance scale (Detecto Bridgeview, IL, USA). Body composition analyses were determined using DEXA (Hologic Discovery Series W, Waltham, MA, USA). Quality control calibration procedures were performed on a spine phantom prior to each testing session. Total body water was determined by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy (ImpediMed Ltd., Australia). Based on previous studies in our laboratory, the accuracy of the DEXA for body composition assessment is ±3.7% as assessed by direct comparison with hydrodensitometry and scale weight (37–39). In order to determine maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), participants performed a volitional maximal cardiopulmonary exercise (VO2max) test on a laboratory treadmill using the Bruce protocol (40). Participants were instructed to perform the test for as long as possible to ensure a true maximal attempt. Standard ACSM test termination criteria were monitored and followed throughout each test. Metabolic gases were obtained with the Parvo Medics 2400 TrueMax metabolic measurement system (Parvo Medics, Sandy, Utah) to determine maximal aerobic capacity. The mean coefficient of variation for this protocol has previously been shown to be 6.5% (range 2%–14%) (40). Participant dietary intakes were not standardized; however, participants were instructed not to change their diet throughout the duration of the study.
Kidney physiology and pathophysiology during heat stress and the modification by exercise, dehydration, heat acclimation and aging
Published in Temperature, 2021
Christopher L. Chapman, Blair D. Johnson, Mark D. Parker, David Hostler, Riana R. Pryor, Zachary Schlader
In humans, water accounts for ~73% of fat free body mass [85]. Under normal conditions, elimination of water from the body is primarily routed through the kidneys with a lesser amount of water loss occurring through sweat loss, evaporation from the skin, respiration, and the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., in feces). The kidneys have a direct role in maintaining euhydration, which is defined as a state of optimal body water content [86]. This is highlighted by the fact that euhydration is maintained with total water intakes ranging from 1.3 to 7.9 L/24 h to maintain plasma osmolality within a normal range (285-295 mOsm/kg) among individuals, in varying environments and circumstances [87]. The process of losing body water is termed dehydration, whereas the state of deficient body water caused by acute or chronic dehydration is known as hypohydration [86].
Brief cycles of lower-limb occlusion accelerate recovery kinetics in soccer players
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2021
Wael Daab, Mohamed Amine Bouzid, Mehdi Lajri, Mustapha Bouchiba, Haithem Rebai
For all participants, body height was measured using a stadiometer, and body weight was measured using a calibrated electronic scale (Tanita TBF 401, Tanita Corp., Japan). Total body water and body fat percentage were assessed by using bioelectrical impedance analyzer (Tanita TBF 401, Tanita Corp., Japan). In order to determine sweat loss during the LIST, players were weighed wearing dry shorts before and immediately after the exercise using a digital scale (Tanita TBF 401, Tanita Corp., Japan). Finally, blood pressure was measured with a sphygmomanometer (Microlife USA, Inc, Clearwater, Florida) on the participant’s upper right arm. Three measurements of blood pressure were recorded at the end of a 5-min spine rest. The average of the three measurements was used for data analysis.