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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
In a neonate with trisomy 13, Aziz (1980) describes chondroepitrochlearis as a derivative of the sternal portion of pectoralis major that became aponeurotic near its humeral insertion. The aponeurosis was divided into superficial and deep flaps. The superficial flap attached to the lateral crest of the bicipital groove, and then became muscular along the humeral shaft. This muscle, chondroepitrochlearis, inserted onto the medial epicondyle.
Skeletal Muscle
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Aponeuroses are similar in composition to tendon but are flat and broad. They are associated with sheet-like muscles having a wide area of attachment rather than the restricted area of attachment of tendons (Figure 9.1). Examples are abdominal muscles, as well as intercostal muscles of the ribs, and muscles of the hand and foot. Tendons and aponeuroses convey muscular activity, whether it is mainly force or movement, to the body parts acted upon by the muscles. They contribute to the viscoelastic properties of muscle, as discussed in Section 10.3.2, and allow skeletal muscle to: be conveniently located some distance away from its point of action; for example, some of the muscles that move the fingers are located in the forearm, not the hand, and act on the fingers through long tendons;apply force along a line that is different from the muscle axis by plying around a bone acting as a pulley; for example, the knee acts as a simple pulley by means of which the quadriceps femoris muscle in the thigh extends the leg. The muscle attachment nearer to the center of the body, or which is fixed or moves least when the muscle contracts, is the origin, whereas the attachment that is farther away from the center of the body, or which moves more, is the insertion.
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Tendons and aponeuroses29,32–34 — In general, tendons attach muscle to bone. Tendons are longitudinal and rope-like in shape, while aponeuroses are flat sheets, to connect similarly shaped muscles. Type I collagen bundles are interwoven with a reticular network of Type III fibers, along with blood vessels, lymphatics, and fibroblasts. Attachment to bone is accomplished by a gradual merging of collagen fibers to fibrocartilage to mineralized fibrocartilage to bone. Tendon sheaths cover tendons, allowing for smooth gliding of tendons in their traverses. The ratio of collagen to elastin in tendons is 50:1, which makes tendons very tough and resistant to pulling forces. However, this trait also makes tendon injuries pull apart from bones and muscles.
Acute effects of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation following low-intensity isometric exercise on muscle swelling for selective muscle in healthy young men
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Tetsuya Hirono, Tome Ikezoe, Masashi Taniguchi, Shusuke Nojiri, Hiroki Tanaka, Noriaki Ichihashi
The participants were instructed to lie in the supine position and relax. Muscle thickness of the rectus femoris (RF) and VL were measured on B-mode images in the transverse plane taken using a wireless ultrasound device with a 10-MHz linear array probe in MSK preset (SONON 300 L; Healcerion Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea). B-mode images of the RF were obtained at the median of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the superior border of the patella. B-mode images of the VL were obtained at the median of the distance from the greater trochanter to the lateral condyle of the femur. These points were marked with a semipermanent ink so that the measurements could be performed at the same locations. B-mode images were obtained in minimal contact force when the femur was clearly seen (Pigula-Tresansky et al. 2018), and a sufficient amount of water-soluble gel was applied to the skin. Muscle thickness was determined as the distance between the superficial and deep aponeuroses. Thickness of each muscle was measured three times, and the averaged value was used in subsequent analyses.
Effects of Beef Protein Supplementation in Male Elite Triathletes: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Pedro L. Valenzuela, Zigor Montalvo, Fernando Mata, Manuela González, Eneko Larumbe-Zabala, Fernando Naclerio
The muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was determined by means of ultrasonography (Acuson S2000, Siemens, Germany) with a 50 mm, 7.5 MHz, linear-array probe as explained elsewhere (23). Briefly, participants lied supine on an examination bed with the knee in full extension. To provide acoustic contact without depressing the dermal surface, the probe was coated with a water-soluble transmission gel (Aquasonic 100 Ultrasound Transmission gel). The transducer was placed at 50% of the femur length longitudinally to the thigh along the mid-sagittal axis of the muscle, carefully aligned to the fascicle plane. The same experienced researcher (blinded to participants’ condition) took all images, and another blinded researcher performed all measurements using a specific software (ImageJ 1.42q, National Institute of Health, Maryland). The distance between superficial and deep aponeuroses was determined three times in the proximal, central and distal portion of the image, and the mean of these measures was computed for analysis (23). These procedures have previously proven reliable when performed by an experienced researcher (23). In our case, a very high reliability was found between the three measurements (ICC = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79–0.95). Measurements and pictures were taken after each assessment to ensure that the specific location of the probe was the same on all assessments for a given participant.
External levator resection for involutional ptosis: is intraoperative suture adjustment necessary for good outcomes?
Published in Orbit, 2021
Phillip M. Radke, Tal J. Rubinstein, Daniel J. Repp, Bryan S. Sires
All surgical procedures were performed under monitored anesthesia care by the senior author (BSS). A 1 cc 50/50 mixture of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 0.5% Marcaine was instilled into the surgical site on each eyelid. The small-incision external levator resection technique introduced by Repp et al. was used to provide a prospective historical control group.13 The technique was identical except no intra-operative adjustment was performed (Video 1). Briefly, following the dissection, a 2:1 resection of the aponeurosis under 6 g of force using a spring scale (Pesola) was performed. The superior one-third of the tarsus was then cleaned, and sutures were passed partial thickness through the superior edge of the tarsus. The initially placed 6–0 polypropylene sutures in the two pre-marked locations, one at the nasal pupil and the other at the lateral limbus, were tied down immediately after placement, without evaluation of the eyelid height or contour with patient cooperation.11 The skin was then closed with interrupted 6–0 polypropylene sutures, incorporating the orbicularis muscle centrally for crease formation. The surgical time was noted for each eyelid, and for bilateral cases, it was divided by 2 to estimate each individual eyelid surgical time.