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Intervertebral Disc Anatomy
Published in Kelechi Eseonu, Nicolas Beresford-Cleary, Spine Surgery Vivas for the FRCS (Tr & Orth), 2022
Kelechi Eseonu, Nicolas Beresford-Cleary
The intervertebral disc is a heterogeneous structure that contributes to flexibility and load support in the spine. The three anatomic zones—anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus and cartilage endplates—are structurally and mechanically quite distinct but also highly coupled so that together they contribute to mechanical functions. Annulus fibrosus
Hydrogels with Ubiquitous Roles in Biomedicine and Tissue Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Priyanka, Pooja A Chawla, Aakriti, Viney Chawla, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Bharti Sapra
Nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration results in lower back pain, which can be treated by various TE approaches. Tissue-engineered construct or injectable implants can be used in cases of healthy annulus fibrosus. They can reduce pain while concurrently restoring spinal mobility and impeding disc deterioration. Alginate and agarose are capable of maintaining cell phenotype and hence are frequently used scaffolds for NP cell-seeding (Cloyd et al., 2007). Notochordal cells can also be used either as the primary source of stem cells or as an organiser cell in this approach (Hunter et al., 2003).
Low Back Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The intervertebral discs lie between the vertebral bodies and consist of two regions, with the central, more gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by a fibrous ring, the annulus fibrosus. The discs are separated from the adjacent vertebrae by a thin layer of hyaline cartilaginous tissue, the cartilage endplates.
Evaluation of a rabbit model of adjacent intervertebral disc degeneration after fixation and fusion and maintenance in an upright feeding cage
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Long Hei, Zhaohui Ge, Wenqi Yuan, Ling Suo, Zhigang Suo, Leilei Lin, Huiqiang Ding, Yusheng Qiu
The animal model of annulus fibrosus injury by percutaneous needle puncture simulates the process of human annulus fibrosus damage, nucleus pulposus herniation, and degeneration. It is considered a classic study of intervertebral disc degeneration [37]. Under normal circumstances, the degeneration occurs after the intervertebral disc is punctured. The most marked degeneration reportedly occurs 3 weeks after intervertebral disc puncture [38]. Our previous study found that the intervertebral disc degeneration occurs in the 4th week after puncture of the rabbit the lumbar intervertebral disc, and that the adjacent intervertebral disc also shows degenerative changes by 12 weeks [25]. Therefore, in the present study, the rabbit lumbar intervertebral disc was removed 12 weeks after percutaneous puncture. The transverse process of the corresponding part was used as a bone graft between the vertebral bodies and fixed with a titanium plate to prepare the ASD model.
Parametric study of anterior percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy (APECD)
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Meng-Si Sun, Chen-Xi Yuchi, Xin-Yi Cai, Cheng-Fei Du, Zhong-Jun Mo
Following APECD surgery, stability of the surgical segment is among the most important outcomes for patients, as it is also for clinicians. That is because instability of the surgical segment is usually accompanied by various complications, such as a reduction in disc height and acceleration of degeneration of adjacent segments, causing the patient to suffer additional pain and requiring revision surgery which can increase financial pressure on the patient (Carrier et al. 2013). The nucleus pulposus plays a major role in sagittal stability of the cervical spine. From a mechanical point of view, when the cervical vertebral segment moves, the nucleus pulposus immediately participates in supporting the load and ensures that the height of the disc is maintained. The structure allows stress to be evenly distributed around the annulus fibrosus. When the nucleus pulposus becomes degenerated, the fulcrum for this support instantly disappears, reducing the height of the intervertebral disc and providing uneven stress around the ring of fibers, causing it to become easily damaged, and inititating segmental instability.
Comparison of dynamic response of three TLIF techniques on the fused and adjacent segments under vibration
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of the intact L1–L5 lumbar spine was used in this study. The geometry of the spine was obtained by computer scanning tomographic specimens. The model mainly includes vertebrae, intervertebral discs, endplates, and various ligaments, as shown in Figure 1. Each vertebral body is composed of the outer 0.5–1.0 mm cortical bone and the inner cancellous bone. The intervertebral disc consists of the annular matrix, annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus. The annulus ground substance (AGS), consisting of six fiber layers, encloses the nucleus pulposus. The Young’s modulus of the fiber ring decreases proportionally from the outer layer to the inner layer. There is a 0.5 mm thick endplate between the vertebral body and the intervertebral disc (Figure 1). The lumbar ligaments are active in tension only. The facet joint was modeled by surf-to-surf. The material properties were assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic, and the data were adopted from the literature (Wu and Ya 1976; Goel et al. 2007; Tsai et al. 2016; Guo and Li 2020) and are given in Table 1.