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Fenugreek in Management of Immunological, Infectious, and Malignant Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Adult Indian Pheretima posthuma has been utilized as an organism of choice for evaluating new anthelmintic agents because of anatomical and physiological resemblance to human intestinal pathogenic roundworms parasites and easy availability (Mali and Mehta 2008; Murugamani et al. 2012). In the earlier study on fenugreek, the significant anthelmintic activity of methanolic, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and petroleum ether extracts of fenugreek leaves and seeds was reported against Indian adult earthworms, a roundworm, Pheretima posthuma in vitro (Bhalke et al. 2008). In another similar study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of fenugreek seeds exhibited in vitro anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworms (Khadse and Kakde 2010). In this study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of fenugreek seeds showed a dose-dependent inhibition of spontaneous motility (paralysis) of earthworms, which is more than a conventional drug, albendazole (Khadse and Kakde 2010). The most recent study reported potent and concentration-dependent helmintholytic activity (inhibition of spontaneous motility and death) of aqueous and methanol extracts of fenugreek leaves against Indian adult earthworms as models of roundworms (Putta 2018). In another study, significant dose-dependent in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of methanolic extract of fenugreek seeds was reported on Haemanthus sp. (abomasal parasites, present in cattle stomach), which suggest its broad spectrum of activity.
Specific Diseases of Large Animals and Man
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Cattle are the other large animal species in which ‘gastric’ ulceration occurs. The forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) precede the abomasum in ruminants. The abomasum is the equivalent of the monogastric stomach and abomasal ulceration is a distinct disease in this species. However, definitive ulcer diagnosis can be more challenging in cattle since endoscopy of the abomasum is not possible with the anatomical arrangement of the ruminant forestomachs. Clinical signs such as melena and anemia may provide a degree of suspicion of a bleeding ulcer. In contrast to the other species, ulcers in cattle perforate at a higher rate leading to either localized or generalized peritonitis. This may be due to the non-distinct clinical signs that are associated with ulcer disease in cattle and a failure to recognize the disease before significant progression. The prevalence of ulcers is reported as being up to 76% in calves and up to 20% in adult cattle at slaughter. As with the horse, pig, and humans, stress, diet, and NSAID use are involved in the pathogenesis of abomasal ulcers in cattle. A disease which crosses species such as gastric ulcer disease provides a unique comparative aspect to understanding the strong underlying causes of the disease in the different species and in man. Clearly, stress, diet, and NSAID drug use are common to each; however, at this time only the pig appears to have a strong relationship with Helicobacter infection in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease.
Pregastric Esterase
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Hydrolysis of milk occurs in the abomasum (stomach) of the preruminant calf. Although pregastric esterase has been localized in the oral and pharyngeal area,20 abomasal preparations also contained lipase activity20 (Table 2). Thus, some of the lipolytic activity could be of gastric origin. The studies of Toothill et al. have provided conclusive evidence that the lipolytic activity in the abomasum originates in the oral cavity.42 Innervated pouches of the abomasum were prepared and secretions were collected from the pouches and from the abomasal contents of preruminant calves given liquid diets. No lipolytic activity was detected in pouch secretions collected 1 h after feeding, though lipolytic activity was present in abomasal contents. Pepsin and renin were, however, present in both pouch secretions and abomasal contents. While it could be argued that lipase secreted into the pouch might have been inactivated by low pH (pouch secretions had a pH of 1.2 to 1.8, whereas those of the abomasal contents were 4.2 to 5.9), studies in which substrates were introduced into the pouch at pH 5.5 to 6.3 showed no trace of activity. These studies provide, therefore, definite proof that, in ruminants, digestion of fat in the stomach is catalyzed by pregastric esterase.
Helminths, hosts, and their microbiota: new avenues for managing gastrointestinal helminthiases in ruminants
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Alba Cortés, James Rooney, Dave J. Bartley, Alasdair J. Nisbet, Cinzia Cantacessi
In sheep, economic losses from helminthiases are mainly attributable to gastrointestinal nematode species (GIN; cf. Table 1), and in particular to parasites residing in the abomasum (Table 1) (i.e. Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Tel.) circumcincta and Trichostrongylus (T.) axei), and in the small intestine (i.e. T. colubriformis and T. vitrinus). Other GIN impacting production in small ruminants (cf. Table 1) are Nematodirus spp., Cooperia spp. and the large intestinal nematodes Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum spp. In cattle, the main species causing economic impact reside in the abomasum (Ostertagia ostertagi and Haemonchus placei) and in the small intestine (Cooperia punctata and C. oncophora). In agricultural settings, hosts are usually simultaneously infected by multiple species of GIN, and infections are controlled using a mixture of pasture management and broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds (cf. Table 1). Nevertheless, drug resistance to all available classes of anthelmintics is widespread [1,2] and, coupled with the slow development of new antiparasitics as well as the limitations in drug use in organic farms, makes the search for alternative strategies for infection and disease control a top priority. Vaccines (cf. Table 1) have the potential to offset some of the issues linked to anthelmintic use, and are a potentially highly effective tool for control of helminth infections in ruminants; nevertheless, vaccines are unlikely to provide sufficient protection to entirely replace any other strategy of parasite control in livestock. Since the 1950s, significant research efforts have been channeled into the discovery of vaccines against parasitic nematodes in ruminants [3], with several promising prototypes being developed (e.g. [4]). However, during this time, only two vaccines to control helminths of ruminants have reached commercialization, i.e. Dictol (currently Bovilis Huskvac™, MSD Animal Health) for protection of cattle against lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) and Barbervax® for protection of sheep against the barber’s pole worm (H. contortus) [5]. This relatively poor return on research investment in the area is largely due to inherent difficulties linked to designing effective vaccines against complex metazoan organisms, which are able to exist and thrive inside the host by evading and modulating the host-immune function [6].