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Specific Diseases of Large Animals and Man
Published in Rebecca A. Krimins, Learning from Disease in Pets, 2020
Cattle are the other large animal species in which ‘gastric’ ulceration occurs. The forestomachs (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) precede the abomasum in ruminants. The abomasum is the equivalent of the monogastric stomach and abomasal ulceration is a distinct disease in this species. However, definitive ulcer diagnosis can be more challenging in cattle since endoscopy of the abomasum is not possible with the anatomical arrangement of the ruminant forestomachs. Clinical signs such as melena and anemia may provide a degree of suspicion of a bleeding ulcer. In contrast to the other species, ulcers in cattle perforate at a higher rate leading to either localized or generalized peritonitis. This may be due to the non-distinct clinical signs that are associated with ulcer disease in cattle and a failure to recognize the disease before significant progression. The prevalence of ulcers is reported as being up to 76% in calves and up to 20% in adult cattle at slaughter. As with the horse, pig, and humans, stress, diet, and NSAID use are involved in the pathogenesis of abomasal ulcers in cattle. A disease which crosses species such as gastric ulcer disease provides a unique comparative aspect to understanding the strong underlying causes of the disease in the different species and in man. Clearly, stress, diet, and NSAID drug use are common to each; however, at this time only the pig appears to have a strong relationship with Helicobacter infection in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease.
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Ruminants’ digestive tract has some peculiarities, it contains four-compartmentalized stomach chambers: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum, each one performing in different processes. Briefly, in the rumen the fibers and solid feeds are fermented by commensal microbiota. The liquids are transferred to the reticulum, also serving to the entrapment of large feed particles, which are regurgitated subsequently for a complete digestion. In the omasum the liquids are filtered and various nutrients are absorbed. Finally, the enzymatic digestion of the feed takes place in the abomasum (Hofmann 1989, Zoumpopoulou et al. 2018).
Radiotracer Distribution of Differences Between Species
Published in Howard J. Glenn, Lelio G. Colombetti, Biologic Applications of Radiotracers, 2019
Herbivores — Herbivores may be further subdivided into those that have a single stomach and those which have a compartmented stomach, or ruminants. An example of a single stomach herbivore is a horse or members of the equine species. They subsist on a diet of herbs, hay, grain, things of plant origin. Some place in their digestive system is a large compartment where fermentation occurs. In the horse, this is in the caecum. Ruminants, on the other hand, have a so-called “four compartment” stomach. The compartments are the rumen where the fermentation occurs, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. These animals can subsist on vegetation alone. Many of the essential nutrients are formed by bacterial action in the rumen.
Cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine of mammals
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alicia Froidurot, Véronique Julliand
In herbivorous mammals, the contribution of SCFAs to energy requirements is critical. For example, in the horse, which is a large large intestine-fermenting herbivorous animal, the microbial digestion of dietary cellulose can reach 40%,123 and the contribution of SCFAs has been estimated to be between 50% and 70%,124,125 with 30% originating from the cecum.126 In the rabbit, which is a smaller large intestine-fermenting herbivorous animal, it was also estimated that 30% of the energy requirements are derived from the SCFAs produced in the cecum, with cellulose digestion averaging 20%.127 In ruminants, the contribution of the large intestine to energy production remains poorly explored, in contrast to that of the rumen. However, some data emphasized the nutritional importance of the ruminant large intestine. In sheep, which are small ruminants, even if most fermentation occurs in the rumen, as much as 27% of dietary cellulose could be digested daily in the colon, with the resulting acetate, propionate, and butyrate production accounting for 8% to 17% of the total energy produced daily.30 Comparable concentrations of those SCFAs were measured in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum vs. the cecum, colon, and rectum of dairy cows, which are large ruminants.128