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Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Ruminants’ digestive tract has some peculiarities, it contains four-compartmentalized stomach chambers: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum, each one performing in different processes. Briefly, in the rumen the fibers and solid feeds are fermented by commensal microbiota. The liquids are transferred to the reticulum, also serving to the entrapment of large feed particles, which are regurgitated subsequently for a complete digestion. In the omasum the liquids are filtered and various nutrients are absorbed. Finally, the enzymatic digestion of the feed takes place in the abomasum (Hofmann 1989, Zoumpopoulou et al. 2018).
Pathology of the Liver: Functional and Structural Alterations of Hepatocyte Organelles Induced by Cell Injury
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Louis Marzella, Benjamin F. Trump
Mitochondrial injury characterized by swelling, decreased number of cristae, and decreased density of the matrix can be induced in isolated hepatocytes by altering permeability of cellular membranes through solvent effects (Berger et al., 1987). In this type of injury, relative sparing of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in the early stages. The ultrastructural appearance of this cellular change is illustrated in Figures 2A, B. Enlarged, pale mitochondria were also observed by Walker et al. (1983) in livers of mice treated with acetaminophen.
Chronic Leukemias
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Scott J. Graham, James D. Cotelingam
Bone marrow biopsies show an interstitial, diffuse, or mixed leukemic infiltrates. Increased reticulum fibrosis is frequently observed. Spleens demonstrate predominantly red pulp infiltration, but concurrent involvement of the white pulp is often present. Skin lesions have a dense perivascular and periadnexal leukemic infiltrate without epidermotropism.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates environmental particle-induced inflammatory response in bronchial epithelium
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Li Pu, Fen Yi, Wen-jing Yu, Ya-jing Li, You-hui Tu, Ai-hui Xu, Yong Wang
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which consist of membrane-bound flattened sacs, is an important organelle that serves multiple functions in cells, especially in the biosynthesis, folding, and post-translational modifications of both secretory and membrane-bound proteins. The pathology of ER stress has been found to occur in several respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and acute lung injury (Kim et al. 2013; Zeng et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2018). In the context of pollutant exposures, accumulated evidence has demonstrated that exposures to airborne PM can cause ER stress in the lungs (Wang and Tang 2020; Ding et al. 2021). At the cellular level, ER stress occurs in states wherein unfolded/mis-folded proteins accumulate in the ER lumen, and subsequently induce unfolded protein responses mediated by three ER signaling proteins, i.e. inositol requiring protein 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), and protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (Davenport et al. 2008). Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), a prominent ER chaperone, is generally also activated and its levels elevated in these processes. At this point, it is not clear if any of these signaling proteins are impacted by PM exposure, much less so if these changes occur at the level of the airway epithelium.
Protective role of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway in chronic renal failure induced injury of rat hippocampal neurons
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Qi Chen, Jingjing Min, Ming Zhu, Zhanqin Shi, Pingping Chen, Lingyan Ren, Xiaoyi Wang
The endoplasmic reticulum is one of the most important organelles in eukaryotic cells. It is not only the site for protein translation and synthesis as well as calcium ion storage, but also a participant in the transmission and processing of various cell signals. In addition, one of the major functions of the endoplasmic reticulum is to serve as a site for synthesizing secretory and integral membrane proteins.5,6 When cells are stimulated by hypoxia, an imbalance of calcium ions or a change in their concentration occurs in the internal environment, accompanied with the accumulation of some unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in an imbalance between the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum. At this time, the corresponding signal pathway is activated to further trigger the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response.7 Unfolded protein response activation can be triggered in the following three ways: (1) inhibition of protein translation to prevent the production of more folded proteins; (2) induction of the folding of unfolded proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone; (3) activation of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation pathways to remove unfolded proteins accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum.8 However, under prolonged or severe stress, the unfolded protein response initiates programmed cell death.
Cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine of mammals
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alicia Froidurot, Véronique Julliand
In herbivorous mammals, the contribution of SCFAs to energy requirements is critical. For example, in the horse, which is a large large intestine-fermenting herbivorous animal, the microbial digestion of dietary cellulose can reach 40%,123 and the contribution of SCFAs has been estimated to be between 50% and 70%,124,125 with 30% originating from the cecum.126 In the rabbit, which is a smaller large intestine-fermenting herbivorous animal, it was also estimated that 30% of the energy requirements are derived from the SCFAs produced in the cecum, with cellulose digestion averaging 20%.127 In ruminants, the contribution of the large intestine to energy production remains poorly explored, in contrast to that of the rumen. However, some data emphasized the nutritional importance of the ruminant large intestine. In sheep, which are small ruminants, even if most fermentation occurs in the rumen, as much as 27% of dietary cellulose could be digested daily in the colon, with the resulting acetate, propionate, and butyrate production accounting for 8% to 17% of the total energy produced daily.30 Comparable concentrations of those SCFAs were measured in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum vs. the cecum, colon, and rectum of dairy cows, which are large ruminants.128