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Dermal filler complications and management
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
Anaphylaxis is a Type I hypersensitivity reaction and is in essence a severe allergic reaction causing systemic compromise which requires the presence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies being exposed to a particular allergen. Inevitably, every single one of us will at some point or another have IgE antibodies exposed to allergens; however, only about one in 1,000 people will ever experience a true anaphylactic reaction, suggesting there are likely a set of risk factors which make an individual more likely to develop anaphylaxis. It has been noted that a history of atopy may make an individual more likely to experience such a reaction, with asthma in particular being associated with increased mortality. It is unclear, however, if there is true causation between asthma and the severity of anaphylaxis, and it may just be that they are more likely to suffer life-threatening bronchospasm.
Specific Emergency Conditions in Forced Displacement Settings
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Natalie Roberts, Halfdan Holger Knudsen, Alvin Sornum, Taha Al-Taei, Barbara Scoralick Villela, Maryam Omar, Faith Traeh, Abdulkarim Ekzayez, Clare Shortall, Eric Weerts
This is usually caused by an allergic mechanism through an immediate type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. Common agents that may cause anaphylaxis are drugs, food, insect bites/stings, latex and transfusions.
Drug Allergy
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Biologic drugs comprise a quickly growing field of medicine including a diverse number of proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Type I hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with most of these medications leading to urticaria or anaphylaxis. A variety of delayed cutaneous reactions have also been noted with several of these medications. Infusions reactions ranging from fevers and chills to acute respiratory distress syndrome have also been seen with several monoclonal antibodies, which is presumed to be due to cytokine release. Given the novelty of these drugs, the full spectrum of reactions is not yet known.
Absence of active systemic anaphylaxis in guinea pigs upon intramuscular injection of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cells)
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Zhangqiong Huang, Yun Li, Hongkun Yi, Zhengcun Wu, Cong Li, Tingfu Du, Jinling Yang, Yixuan Wang, Qinfang Jiang, Shengtao Fan, Yun Liao, Ying Zhang, Guorun Jiang, Kaili Ma, Qihan Li
Vaccines act by inducing immune responses. The most likely toxic effect of vaccines is immunotoxicity, dominated by hypersensitivity reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions, commonly called allergic reactions, are local or systemic reactions observed after vaccination. There are four main types of allergic reactions, including immediate hypersensitivity reactions (type I), antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions (type II), immune complex-mediated reactions (type III), and delayed hypersensitivity reactions (type IV). Among hypersensitivity reactions, type I hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, and active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) is the most serious and common vaccine-associated reaction; therefore, it is a primary focus of preclinical immunotoxicity evaluation [1–3]. ASA is primarily caused by allergens that induce specific IgE antibodies. IgEs are bound by mast cells located around blood vessels and basophils in circulating blood through Fc receptors (FcεR) for future recognition. When the allergen enters the body again, it binds to the antigen-recognition site of IgE on the cell surface and promotes FcεR1 cross-linking, which triggers the activation and degranulation of mast cells and basophils. The release of multiple bioactive mediators acts on effector tissues and organs, causing local or systemic reactions and a series of clinical symptoms, such as capillary dilation, increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, and increased glandular secretion [4]. Anaphylactic shock or even death may occur in patients with severe symptoms [5].
Evaluation of the reported rates of hypersensitivity reactions associated with iron dextran and ferric carboxymaltose based on global data from VigiBase™ and IQVIA™ MIDAS® over a ten-year period from 2008 to 2017
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2020
Darshana Durup, Philip Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, Claes Christian Strom
Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate exposure and reported rates of HSRs. Data were aggregated across all countries. The number of unique spontaneously reported HSRs was determined for eight different categories of HSR, based on the groups defined above: 1. SMQ Anaphylactic reaction (Group A–D combined, primary analysis); 2. Group A; 3. Group B; 4. Group C; 5. Group D; 6. Type I–IV hypersensitivity terms; 7. Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reaction terms; 8. Death. Additionally, the type I–IV hypersensitivity terms were evaluated excluding reactions coded as ‘hypersensitivity’ without specification of type, and also excluding ‘type I hypersensitivity’ to create a set of type II–IV hypersensitivity terms. A sensitivity analysis included only the HSR events that had a time to onset within 24 hours of IV iron administration. To investigate geographic variability, the share of exposure and HSR events were also determined by region.
Safety of the current drug treatments for vitiligo
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2020
Torello Lotti, Komal Agarwal, Indrashis Podder, Francesca Satolli, Martin Kassir, Robert A Schwartz, Uwe Wollina, Stephan Grabbe, Alexander A Navarini, Simon M Mueller, Mohamad Goldust
Intravenous immunoglobulin is a sterile highly purified IgG preparation made from pooled human plasma and contains more than 95% of unmodified IgG and trace amounts of IgA or IgM. The adverse effects are mostly self-limiting and disappear if the infusion is discontinued or the rate is lowered [21]. Certain reactions like headache, chills, flushing, fever, myalgia, hypertension, etc. are related to the rate of infusion rather than the dose. Serious reactions like deep vein thrombosis, stroke, and renal failure may also occur. Renal failure is more common when IVIG preparation contains sucrose [21]. Injection site erythema, purpura, eczematous reaction, and phlebitis may occur. Cutaneous adverse effects include petechiae, purpura, urticaria, lichenoid reaction, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Anaphylaxis secondary to previous infusions of IVIG is an absolute contraindication, whereas relative contraindications include congestive heart failure, renal failure, and rheumatoid arthritis [21]. Pregnancy is not a contraindication to IVIG therapy. IgA-deficient patients can react with type I hypersensitivity and should be skin tested before administration.