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Immunologically Mediated Diseases and Allergic Reactions
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Kim A. Campbell, Caroline C. Whitacre
Type II hypersensitivity (also referred to as cytotoxic hypersensitivity) is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies that bind specifically to cell surface or extracellular matrix constituents. Antibodies bound to cell surface constituents can bind and activate complement. Complement participates in Type II hypersensitivity reactions by acting as an opsonin or by directly lysing the antibody-coated cells. Examples of Type II hypersensitivity reactions include incompatible blood transfusions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The transfusion of incompatible blood results in antibody and complement-mediated destruction of the transfused erythrocytes. Patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia produce antibody directed against their own red blood cells. In some cases, antibodies are directed against drugs (penicillin, quinine, and sulphonamides) or drug metabolites that are bound to the erythrocyte or platelet surface. Immune complexes consisting of drug and antibody can also be adsorbed onto the RBC surface.
AI and the Bioscience and Clinical Considerations for Immunology
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
Among the cellular reactions associated with the adaptive immune response, there are four classic “types” of clinical reactions produced by certain antigen categories and characterized by specific cellular responses and types of immunoglobulin antibodies (see Figure 2.2). Type II (cytotoxic), III (immune-complex), and IV (cell-mediated, delayed reaction) are specific to certain antigens. Type I, the immediate, allergic (or anaphylactic) hypersensitivity response is produced by an antigen referred to as an “allergen.” Examples of this response include hay fever, eczema, hives, asthma, food allergy, insect bites and stings, dust, pollen, and on and on. Like its antigen cousin, the allergen can be inhaled, ingested, or enter through the skin.
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
There are four types of hypersensitivity reaction: types I, II and III are mediated by antibodies and are classified as below (Weston 2013), and type IV are mediated by T cells: Type I (anaphylaxis, asthma and eczema).Type II involves IgM and IgG – caused by cytotoxic reactions which damage cells and tissues of the host, e.g., a blood transfusion reaction.Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when the antibody–antigen complexes of IgM and or IgG cause inflammatory reactions within the tissues or bloodstream.Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by T cells and may occur over a number of hours after exposure to the allergen, e.g., eczema skin reactions occur over a number of days.
Current trends in the use of human serum albumin for drug delivery in cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Milan Paul, Asif Mohd Itoo, Balaram Ghosh, Swati Biswas
An injectable albumin-bound nanosuspension of paclitaxel (Abraxane, ABI-007, Nab-Paclitaxel) is the first FDA-approved albumin-PTX nanoformulation (2005). The formulation was prepared following NAB-technology (nanoparticle albumin-bound), which allows the entrapment of hydrophobic drugs without using other excipients. Both taxanes, paclitaxel, and docetaxel, are available commercially as Taxol® (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, NJ, USA) and Taxotere® (Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., NJ, USA) are formulated using solvents to overcome solubilization challenge that produces hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity to the patients. The management of hypersensitivity reactions needs hospitalization and pre-treatment of patients with anti-allergic medications, including dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, and cimetidine). The solubility of paclitaxel is enhanced using a 1:1 mixture of ethanol and a non-ionic surfactant, Cremophor EL® (CrEL, polyoxyethylated castor oil).
An unusually “complex” glomerulonephritis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Gabriela Martinez-Zayas, Daniel Savino, Sumit Kumar, Kathryn H. Dao
Hypersensitivity reactions are inappropriate immune responses to an antigen and are classified into four types, I to IV.1 Type III hypersensitivity reactions or immune-complex (IC) reactions occur when excess antigen-antibody complexes cannot be cleared and precipitate in tissues.2,3 If deposited in the renal glomeruli, immune complexes can cause glomerulonephritis (GN). Common associations with IC-GN include infections (e.g., HIV), autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematous), and vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal).2,3 Vaccines enhance host defenses through immune activation against antigen, with some inducing IC formation important in B, T, and antigen-presenting cell activation.4 Amid the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to cause IC diseases including GN,5,6 and COVID-19 vaccines may induce de novo autoimmunity or flare underlying immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.7–9 Here, we present an unusual case of IC-GN presenting shortly after COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and HIV infection.
Allergy and Dry Eye Disease
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Andrea Leonardi, Rocco Luigi Modugno, Elena Salami
If all atopic patients can develop DED, the same cannot be said for DED patients regarding the development of OA. We all are continuously exposed to allergens, but only a minority develops an allergy. For this to happen, a combination of genetically determined and acquired hypersensitivity to allergens is required. However, DED may facilitate the ocular allergic reaction or, at least, can precipitate it. In fact, the reduced tear clearance in DED is responsible for the reduced allergen and inflammatory mediators’ clearance with consequent collection in the inferior fornix. It makes it possible for an antigen too weak or insufficient to cause a systemic reaction to trigger a local allergic reaction.5 It is what happens with conjunctival allergen provocation tests (CAPT) when a diluted allergen is directly instilled in one eye.