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Instrumentation for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Grinberg Nelu, Rodriguez Sonia, Ewing’s Analytical Instrumentation Handbook, Fourth Edition, 2019
Although manual injection is still used in academic settings, preparative chromatography, and other specialty techniques, automated sample injection is the norm for modern LC equipment. A separate pump is often used to deliver the large volumes of sample required for preparative chromatography. Key attributes for an analytical autosampler are injection precision, injection accuracy, low carryover, and cycle time.
Elimination of Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid from Effluents from Pharmaceutical Production by Ozonation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2022
Fares Daoud, Sebastian Zühlke, Michael Spiteller, Oliver Kayser
As reported by Daoud et al. (2017) and (2020), temperature and pH were monitored by means of the PT100 compensated pH electrode K100PR (Dr. A. Kuntze GmbH, Meerbusch, Germany). The mass flow was determined with the digital mass flow meter D-6300 (M + W Instruments GmbH, Leonhardsbuch, Germany). In gaseous streams, ozone concentration was measured by the ozone analyzers BMT 964 (BMT Messtechnik GmbH, Berlin, Germany), comprising a double beam UV-photometer with the working wavelength of 254 nm. The first ozone analyzer was located in the inlet gas stream, in line with the ozone generator; the second – in the reactor off-gas. Additionally, concentration of the dissolved ozone was monitored inside the reactor by means of the potentiometric double electrode sensor Krypton K System (Dr. A. Kuntze GmbH, Meerbusch, Germany) with AuAu-600-OO-2-1-PG electrodes, to detect its potential accumulation. All aforementioned measurement data were collected with the Multi-Channel Recorder RSG30 (Endress+Hauser Messtechnik GmbH+Co. KG, Weil am Rhein, Germany) and saved on an SD card, followed by data export to Excel (Microsoft Windows). TOC was determined using the TOC-VCPN analyzer (Shimadzu Deutschland GmbH, Duisburg, Germany) within the range of 0.004–25.000 mg/L. Sampling was performed with the ASI-V autosampler (Shimadzu Deutschland GmbH, Duisburg, Germany). In the large-scale reactor, the volume flow was measured using an RAMC-type rotameter (Yokogawa Deutschland GmbH, Ratingen, Germany). Ozone was measured only in the inlet gas stream using the ozone analyzer BMT 964 (BMT Messtechnik GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Ozone concentration in the inlet gas stream and gas flow were controlled, visualized, and recorded on a supervisory process control system.