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Water Pollutants and Water Pollution
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation similar to x-rays, though more energetic. Since the energy of gamma radiation is often a well-defined property of the emitting nucleus, it may be used in some cases for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of radionuclides.
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Gamma rays are high-energy photons released, usually, as a by-product of a nuclear decay event. Gamma rays have the ability to pass through very large distances in the atmosphere and require lead shielding to be reliably stopped. Gamma rays are also very damaging to organic material. Figure 11.1 depicts these characteristics of radioactive decay particles.
Terms and Definitions
Published in Rick Houghton, William Bennett, Emergency Characterization of Unknown Materials, 2020
Rick Houghton, William Bennett
X-rays have essentially the same properties of gamma rays, but have lower energy. A few millimeters of lead can stop most x-rays. While gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus and are often accompanied by alpha and beta particles, x-rays are produced outside the nucleus. X-rays are most often produced by machines and are unlikely to be encountered through an unknown substance.
Does garlic ameliorates histological alterations of induced mucositis in Albino rats subjected to gamma radiation?
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
Reham M. Amin, Randa H. Mokhtar, Nabil A. El-Faramawy
Gamma rays are form of electromagnetic radiation which has the highest frequency and the shortest wavelength within the electromagnetic spectrum. These rays consist of high energy photons with energies above about 100 keV. Due to their high energy content, gamma rays can cause serious damage when absorbed by living cells (1). Radiation therapy for malignant tumors of the head and neck is widely accepted as an efficient mode of treatment, when used alone or in combination with surgery and/or chemotherapy. Unfortunately, radiation injury is not limited to tumor cells but it also affects to varying degrees all cells in the beam field (2). Radiation hazards present enormous challenges for biological and medical safety due to free radical generation (3).
Evaluation of Nuclear Warhead Symmetry Detection by Compton Camera
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2018
Zhang Yingzeng, Xiang Qingpei, Hao Fanhua, Guo Xiaofeng, Xiang Yongchun, Chu Chengsheng, Zeng Jun, Luo Fei, Ze Rende
The design of nuclear weapons is secret, so details of their structure are unknown. The SFNWM (Ref. 21) is the most commonly used hypothetical model in the simulation of fission weapons detection. Its structure is shown in Fig. 2, and the detailed size values are given in Table I, where is the inside radius and is the outer radius. In this model, processes that generate gamma-rays include the decay of uranium isotopes and their fission products and decay daughters, some neutron-induced process, etc. A total of more than 1000 distinct gamma-rays are emitted, which makes it too complex to simulate.
Physicochemical properties and cytocompatibility of radiation-resistant and anti-washout calcium phosphate cement by introducing artemisia sphaerocephala krasch gum
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chenyu Tang, Teliang Lu, Haishan Shi, Jiandong Ye
Gamma ray irradiation is the most commonly used sterilization method for medical devices [8]. However, some polymer materials (e.g. sodium alginate [9], chitosan [10], carboxymethylcellulose [11], and starch [12]) used to improve the anti-washout of CPC will undergo degradation after irradiation, resulting in molecular chain fracture and molecular weight reduction, which further affects the cohesion of corresponding aqueous solution, and eventually lead to the failure of the anti-washout performance. However, only a few studies have considered the effects of radiation on the anti-washout agents so far.