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Risky Business
Published in Kenneth L. Mossman, Radiation Risks in Perspective, 2006
Table 1.1 shows a selected list of activities illustrating different combinations of probabilities and consequences as determinants of risk.6 In the case of alcohol consumption, just a few drinks can make some people drunk: operating an automobile under such circumstances is dangerous to the driver and others. For artificial sweeteners (e.g., saccharin), toxic levels are not reached even when used excessively. Although the consequences of nuclear power plant accidents may be severe, the probability of their occurrence is low.7 Many people get a “buzz” from caffeinated beverages, and some may lose sleep at night. However, there are no documented serious consequences to health. Individuals smoking more than 1 to 2 packs per day have a very high risk for cancer and heart disease. Tobacco use is a major preventable cause of disease and death in the U.S. and accounts for almost half a million deaths per year.8 The probability of sunburning can be quite high in places such as Arizona and Australia, even when one is outside for a short time. Non-melanoma skin cancers are the most common cancers, and incidence is highly correlated with sun exposure.
Occurrence of Emerging Contaminant Acesulfame in Water Treatment System and Its Degradation during Ozone Oxidation
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2021
Ruonan Zhou, Sijia Lu, Yali Song, Xiaoyan Ma, Xueyan Li, Jia Jia, Yang Deng
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are high-intensity sweeteners used globally in foods, beverages, feed, and pharmaceutical and personal care products as sucrose substitutes (Scheurer, Brauch, and Lange 2009). Particularly, acesulfame (ACE) has been approved by more than 100 countries, including China (Li et al. 2017), with a global production of approximately 23 000 t per year. As a food additive, ACE is deemed safe, as most studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of this sweetener have shown that it is relatively harmless. However, some reports have suggested that ACE can cause mouse DNA breakage (Bandyopadhyay, Ghoshal, and Mukherjee 2008), and long-term diets containing ACE could greatly affect short-term memory and cognitive function in mice (Ibi, Suzuki, and Hiramatsu 2018). In addition, ACE is not readily assimilated and utilized by intestinal flora in organisms and is not metabolically active. The vast majority of ACE is therefore directly excreted through urine (Renwick 1986) and is abundant in municipal wastewater.
Intestinal Metabolism and Bioaccumulation of Sucralose In Adipose Tissue In The Rat
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Volker Bornemann, Stephen C. Werness, Lauren Buslinger, Susan S. Schiffman
The artificial sweetener sucralose is used globally as a sugar substitute to sweeten foods, beverages, and medications. Sucralose is a polar organochlorine compound with the chemical formula 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-β-D-fructo-furanosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside (Figure 1). On a weight basis the sweetness potency of this chemical is approximately 600-fold greater than sucrose and thus contributes few or no calories to the products in which it is incorporated as an ingredient. Sucralose is currently used worldwide to sweeten thousands of low-calorie foods and beverages and has the dominant share of the United States market for artificial sweeteners and sugar substitutes (Lerner 2009).