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Development of Green Technology Through Renewable and Sustainable Materials
Published in Shrikaant Kulkarni, Ann Rose Abraham, A. K. Haghi, Renewable Materials and Green Technology Products, 2021
Remya Vijayan, Sijo Francis, Beena Mathew
On the basis of feedstock used and accessibility, biofuels can be divided into four categories. They are first, second, third, and fourth generations. The biofuel obtained from sugars and vegetable oils are included in the first generation. Second-generation biofuels are obtained from biomasses, generally from agricultural waste. The third generation is based on algae. Algae contain carbohydrates and lipids (fats) that can be converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively. Biofuels are produced by a synthetic photosynthetic process using microorganisms that are included in the fourth generation. The largest quantity of biofuels produced in the first generation.4 The use of biofuels reduces the harmful emission of CO2, hydrocarbons, particulate matter, and SOx. This resulted in a reduction in greenhouse effects.5
Application of Green Technology for Energy Conservation and Sustainable Development
Published in Miguel A. Esteso, Ana Cristina Faria Ribeiro, A. K. Haghi, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development, 2020
The first-generation or conventional biofuels are prepared from food crops on arable land, for example, biodiesel or ethanol produced by the transesterification of sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Second-generation biofuels are fuels produced from biomass of plant and animal origin. Third-generation biofuels are produced via simple economical reactions from algae in ionic liquids. Nonarable land biomass is used for the synthesis of fourth-generation biofuels. Examples of biofuels include biogas, syngas, green diesel, ethanol, biodiesel, straight unmodified edible vegetable oil, bioethers, and so on. Biofuels also produce air pollution. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, airborne carbon particulates, and so on are the major pollutants produced from biofuels.28
Next Generation of Agro-Industrial Lignocellulosic Residues to Eco-Friendly Biobutanol
Published in Maniruzzaman A. Aziz, Khairul Anuar Kassim, Wan Azelee Wan Abu Bakar, Aminaton Marto, Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed Muhammad, Fossil Free Fuels, 2019
Nurhamieza Md. Huzir, Maniruzzaman A. Aziz, Shahrul Ismail, Bawadi Abdullah, Nik Azmi Nik Mahmood, Noor Azrimi Umor, Syed Anuar Faua’ad Syed Muhammad
Generally, there is a growing consensus that second-generation biofuels outweigh the others as they are capable of reducing tons of waste generated by the agricultural sector, providing green energy and environmental sustainability, as well as improving the economy and development in rural areas [6]. Figure 1.2 illustrates top world agricultural production in 2017. As there is a rising demand in the agricultural sector, the agricultural by-product seems to produce tremendous quantities of waste. To address this issue, agricultural waste can be utilized as a resource to produce biofuels and it also provides a win-win solution for the agricultural and transportation sectors. Therefore, this chapter will update the potential uses of agricultural residue for the production of biobutanol.
Investigation of the determinants of the consumption of biofuels by Greek consumers
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Paschalis Mouzaidis, Michael Tsatiris, Christos Damalas, Georgios Tsantopoulos, Anastasios Katsileros, Konstantinos Zagorakis, Chrysostomos Milis
Second-generation biofuels originate from residual vegetable oils, animal fats and waste, cellulosic plants and raw materials that are not used as food. The raw materials of the second generation of biofuels include residual and waste oily materials (carcass waste, acidic oils and fats) [3]. Also, their raw materials include cellulose-rich plants such as sweet sorghum, wild artichoke, fruit shells, and agricultural by-products such as straw and leaves [4]. Examples of second-generation biofuels are biodiesel, bioethanol, synthetic kerosene, synthetic diesel, green diesel, biogas and biohydrogen. The intention is to use raw materials that are not used in food. The main disadvantage of their use is that it involves the use of raw materials, water and land that would otherwise be used for cultivation [5].
Biodiesel production from fish oil: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Yaseen M. Tayib, Farooq Al–Sheikh, Zaidoon M. Shakor, William A. Anderson
First-generation biofuel is a fuel made from vegetable oils or agricultural products [20]. Whilst, the main sources of feedstock for the manufacturing of second-generation biofuels include waste vegetable oil, byproducts from the industry, forests, and agriculture, and sustainable biomass [19]. Third-generation biofuel is defined as being produced from microalgae lipids [21]. Biodiesel is a desirable alternative source of renewable energy since it has similar fuel qualities. It is a biodegradable fuel that is suitable for use in the majority of diesel engines and is ecologically friendly [22], reducing global warming by emitting fewer greenhouse gases, having a sulfur content that is close to zero [23], being a non-toxic alternative fuel [7], and typically having a higher and comparable “cetane number” [23]. The economics of biofuels will expand fast in the twenty-first century. A budget’s development is built on agricultural output, and by the year 2050, modernized biomass energy contributions will account for around half of the world’s total energy needs in both developed and developing nations [19].
Recent advances in conventional and genetically modified macroalgal biomass as substrates in bioethanol production: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Priyadharsini P, Dawn SS, Arun J, Alok Ranjan, Jayaprabakar J
Lignocellulose biomass has developed into a 2G feedstock in the face of inadequate 1G feedstocks to meet the rising energy requirements. The goal of 2G biofuel techniques is to enhance the number of biofuels which can be produced from sustainable biomass. The word ‘biomass’ refers to the non-food residues of agricultural crops, such as husks, stems and leaves, and to non-food crops, like cereals, switch grass and wheat straw [19]. Second-generation biofuels are produced by technologies including enzymatic processes, thermochemical and biochemical methods [21]. In the process of lignocellulosic conversion to ethanol, there are four key operating steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and distillation [22]. Second-generation biofuels perform well in terms of environmental and social effects. However, their usage is limited by their lower net energy yield, problems related to transportation of feedstock, higher cost of the downstream process and minimal greenhouse gas reduction. Compared to 1G biofuels, the conversion of cellulosic raw material into renewable biofuel provides significant competitiveness but also technological and financial hurdles. The technological, economic, and environmental aspects of industrial-grade 2G biofuels are being investigated [16], but 2G biomass biofuels are failing due to challenges with scale-up and manufacturing technology in the time-consuming delignification process. However, studies have revealed enhanced capabilities of algal-derived feedstock for the formation of an upgraded biofuel, which leads to ‘third-generation biofuels’ [10,19].