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Off-grid Hybrid Energy Systems
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Hybrid Power, 2021
Monitoring photovoltaic systems can provide useful information about their operation and what should be done to improve performance, but if the data are not reported properly, the effort is wasted. To be helpful, a monitoring report must provide information on the relevant aspects of the operation in terms that are easily understood by a third party. Appropriate performance parameters need to be selected, and their values consistently updated with each new issue of the report. In some cases it may be beneficial to monitor the performance of individual components in order to refine and improve system performance, or be alerted to loss of performance in time for preventative action. For example, monitoring battery charge/discharge profiles will signal when replacement is due before the downtime from system failure is experienced [7]. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) has provided a set of monitoring standards called the “Standard for Photovoltaic system performance monitoring” (IEC 61724). It focuses on the photovoltaic system’s electrical performance, and it does not address hybrids or prescribe a method for ensuring that performance assessments are equitable [116].
Electric Power Generation: Photovoltaics
Published in William C. Dickinson, Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Solar Energy Technology Handbook, 2018
Aaron Kirpich G.O′ Brien, N. SHepard
Table 37.3 summarizes the results of this performance simulation for six basic types of flat-panel orientation and/or tracking modes. The first of these is the east-west row of fixed sloping panels. For this most commonly used mounting arrangement, two slope angles have been selected: 30° and 40° (measured from the horizontal), depending on the site latitude. Previous studies [7,8] have indicated that optimum photovoltaic system performance, in terms of annual collected energy, is obtained for roof slope angles that are approximately 10° less than the site latitude, but the deviation from the maximum possible system output is not significant for 5° variations from this optimum slope. The measure of system performance used in this tabulation is the effective annual operating time at the standard operating conditions, which are defined as a total insolation on the module of 100 mW/cm2 and a cell temperature equal to the NOCT. This approach to array performance assessment allows the determination of the annual energy output of any solar cell module by simply multiplying the areal specific power output for the module (Table 37.1) by the effective annual operating time as given in Table 37.3. Thus, for the Spectrolab Block II module mounted in east-west fixed tilted rows in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the annual energy output is given by
Introduction
Published in Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton, Solar Energy Fundamentals, 2021
Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton
This book covers the basics of solar energy. Relevant equations and calculations are shown in the text, programmed using Microsoft Excel. The included CD contains Excel programs with calculations for incident solar radiation calculations on surfaces positioned at any orientation, payback period estimates for home heating, photovoltaic system performance, domestic hot water heating systems, and much more. The CD contains a substantial amount of thermal and radiation property data. Much of this data (thermal conductivity, density, etc.) is temperature dependent and is given in the form of polynomial equations, which are handy for heat transfer calculations. Weather and solar data for over 150 US cities are also included on the CD.
A comprehensive assessment of solar and wind energy potential at the University of Lethbridge campus, a medium-sized western Canadian university
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
Fariborz Mansouri Kouhestani, James Byrne, Locke Spencer, Paul Hazendonk, Bryson Brown, Daniel Johnson
Photovoltaic system performance is influenced by the quality of the system and the weather (Dierauf et al. 2013). PV module performance ratings are usually supplied by manufacturers based on their performance at standard testing conditions (STC): 1000 W/m2 solar irradiation, 25°C module temperature, and air mass 1.5. The potential power output of a module under these conditions is called module nominal power. In reality, photovoltaic panels produce less energy due to unavoidable losses in various parts of the system. These losses are determined by the overall system design, the type of modules used, and the operating conditions (solar radiation intensity, angle of incidence, temperature, etc.) (McKenney et al. 2008). Performance Ratio (PR) is an indicator of the effect of losses compared to the PV system’s rated output and is defined as the ratio of actual system AC output per year to the expected DC yield, which can be used to quantify the overall system losses. The performance ratio is used to compare the system performance to that of an ideal system at the same place (Schmalensee 2015). With technology advancements, over the past decades, increased efficiencies of PV modules and other components of PV systems have led to dramatic improvement in performance. New systems have PR values ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 (Reich et al. 2012). Reich et al. (2012) have investigated the PR of about 100 German PV systems and stated that with the help of cool climates in Germany, some systems’ PR exceeds 0.9.
Performance Analysis of Solar PV system using Customize wireless data acquisition system and novel cleaning technique
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Vinay Gupta, Madhu Sharma, Rupendra Pachauri, K N Dinesh Babu
The energy crisis and global warming are the most crucial issues confronting humanity today. Electrical energy demand has risen dramatically in recent years because of economic and population growth in both developing and industrialized countries. Because of the continued use of fossil fuels, air pollution and global warming have reached alarming levels. According to the International Energy Agency, India’s energy demand will increase by 30% by 2040 (Country Analysis Executive Summary: India 2020). As the demand for electricity grows, pollutant levels rise. For India, overcoming this power demand in the approaching era will be a difficult task. To meet the growing demand, the country is looking for a different energy strategy that combines multiple sources of hybrid energy to support sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Traditional energy sources are being replaced by the worldwide development of renewable energy sources. Renewable energy resources (such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, and biofuels) for the smart city play an important role (Hoang, Pham, and Nguyen 2021). Because of its free, natural, and abundant availability, solar energy has become the most promising and fastest growing sustainable energy source among renewable energy sources to generate electrical energy in recent decades, with an incredible price decrease and zero operating noise. Photovoltaic system performance is influenced by a variety of elements, including the local environment, weather conditions, installation factors and dust deposition. Because of these factors, PV systems have a significant challenge during operation (AM and Walwil 2014).
Optimal sizing and smart charging abilities of electric vehicle charging station by considering quality of service using hybrid technique
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Velmurugan Palani, Subbiah Gomathi, Ponnupandian Aruna, Vasan Prabhu Veeramani, Veeramani Manathunainathan
Gampa et al. (2020) have presented a Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) based algorithm for optimal location of Distributed Generations (DGs), Shunt Capacitors (SCs) and EVCS. Ekren, Canbaz, and Güvel (2021) have supplied the wind sun hybrid power CS structured using HOMER software. Parastvand et al. (2020) have defined a singular graph primarily based on the total technique with automorphic grouping to model, synthesis, and evaluation of electrical car networks with CSs that deems the effects of visitors. Haupt et al. (2020) have presented a way that consists of mixed-integer linear programming version for scheduling choices under numerous plausible ESS capacities and also presented situation analyses in EV charging techniques in addition to ESS charge. Zhang et al. (2020) have illustrated a multicriteria-oriented technique of correctly positioned charging infrastructure for dealing the issue. Graber et al. (2020) have elucidated a-level technique to pick the quantity and sort of charging stations at parking areas (PAs), charging classes of incoming BEVs make sure a predetermined quality of service degree at the same time lessening for charging station manager. Liang, Wu, and Liao (2020) have suggested the received and misplaced dominance rating for modeling the institution uncertainty in subjective reviews utilizing opportunity distributions. Kraiem et al. (2021) have explained to enhance the photovoltaic system performance with the help of a proper approach for controlling the power interface. Aymen et al. (2021) have explained a complete assessment of internal equipment that requires facilitating and optimizing the transportation schemes' energetic global success along these critical parameters.