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Green Six Sigma and Retrofitting Buildings
Published in Ron Basu, The Green Six Sigma Handbook, 2023
The most genuine method of using a source of renewable energy for a household is to consider domestic solar energy. As explained in Chapter 7, solar panels, also known as photovoltaic systems (PV systems), convert the sun’s energy into electricity that can power our households. The system uses semiconductor technology to convert energy from sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. This current is then passed through an inverter to convert it into an alternating current (AC). As shown in Figure 21.4 the system can be either grid connected or stand alone.
Solar Electric Systems
Published in Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton, Solar Energy Fundamentals, 2021
Robert K. McMordie, Mitchel C. Brown, Robert S. Stoughton
Up to this point, the solar systems discussed in this book have concentrated on systems that capture the sun’s radiant energy for the sole purpose of transferring heat to a working fluid. This chapter introduces solar systems that produce electricity— solar power towers and solar photovoltaic systems. A solar power tower concentrates the sun’s energy to heat a working fluid that produces steam to generate electricity via a steam turbine. Solar photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity.
Factors Effecting the Demand for Electricity From the Smart Grid
Published in Clark W. Gellings, Smart Grid Planning and Implementation, 2020
On-site generation in the U.S. by consumers using increasingly cost-effective photovoltaic systems has increased to nearly 300,000 buildings, growing at a rate of nearly 5% per year (NREL 2011). Photovoltaic system costs recently decreased to less than $1.00 per watt and are projected to decline further.
Switched capacitor-based quadruple boost multilevel inverter topology with reduced switch count and its extension
Published in International Journal of Electronics, 2023
Oorappan G Murugan, Sivaraman Pandarinathan, B Goldvin Sugirtha Dhas
Photovoltaic Systems: PV-based electricity production has been receiving considerable attention because of its major benefits, such as easiness of distribution, long lifespan, dearth of noise, dearth of pollution, shorter set-up time and ability to generate energy output that really can fulfil peak usage requirements. A complete PV system consists of solar panels, batteries, DC-DC voltage converters, and controllers. The DC–DC converters modules’ job is to adapt the load attributes to the photovoltaic module’s characteristics. DC-DC voltage converters are classified into three types: boost, buck, and buck-boost converters. The created system was proven to offer a viable option for variable input voltage generating systems since it can provide suitable for photovoltaic systems with modulation index at the output voltage.
Comparing the economic performance of ice storage and batteries for buildings with on-site PV through model predictive control and optimal sizing
Published in Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 2022
Kairui Hao, Donghun Kim, James E. Braun
A photovoltaic system converts sunlight into DC electricity that can be used on site or support other grid users when extra generated electricity is available. The fundamental element is a PV cell which can be grouped into PV panels and arrays. A single diode model of a PV cell (Figure 5) (Sera, Teodorescu, and Rodriguez 2007) was utilized in this study to obtain a photovoltaic output power profile. is the current generated by the incident light, is the Shockley diode Equation (22), is the equivalent series resistance of the module and is the equivalent parallel resistance. where is the diode current, is the reverse saturation current, is the voltage across the diode, and is the thermal voltage defined as . A is the ideality factor, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the diode temperature, and q is the electron charge.
Optimal Sizing and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids for Operating Cost Minimization
Published in Electric Power Components and Systems, 2021
Srinivas Sandeep Kumar Reddy Vaka, Sailaja Kumari Matam
A Photovoltaic system or solar photovoltaic power in a power system is designed to supply usable electrical power by converting sunlight to electricity. Since photovoltaics deals with the photoelectric conversion of sunlight, the important radiometric property to be considered is solar irradiance that tells the power density at a certain point. So, the output power of PV system is a function of solar irradiance which is uncertain in nature. As irradiance is uncertain, the solar output power is also stochastic in nature. Therefore, the uncertain nature of solar PV system is modeled by using Standard Test Conditions (STC) and Normal operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) of the PV system considering solar irradiance operating points [20]. PV system is in general equipped with maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for obtaining the maximum power output. Though solar radiation varies continuously throughout the day, MPPT adjusts the PV module output to generate maximum power by considering STC and NOCT conditions. The total power generated by PV panels at a time ‘t’ is given by Eq. (1).where GC is solar irradiance operating point in (kW/m2), GSTC is solar irradiance at STC, PSTC is rated power output by PV module at STC, TC is cell temperature obtained from NOCT taken as 47° and irradiance operating points, TSTC is the temperature at STC and k is the power temperature coefficient taken as 0.0005 per °C.