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Alternative power sources and fuels
Published in M.J. Nunney, Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology, 2007
Natural gas as a vehicle fuel may be stored in either a gaseous (CNG) or a liquefied (LNG) state, the basic engine operation being identical in both cases. With LNG the liquid gas is stored cyrogenically at a low temperature of 162°C, and requires the use of specially insulated storage vessels. This particular application is therefore better suited to commercial vehicles. An important advantage of running these vehicles on natural gas, whichever system of storage is chosen, is that their engines will be much quieter running than would be the case if they were diesels, thereby making them more compatible with overnight delivery services.
Experimental study on the migration and expansion of liquid nitrogen in loose media with different dip angles
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Baiwei Lei, Peiying Du, Longchuan Meng, Zhiyan Zhao, Hui Tang
There is also a deeper understanding of the boiling flow heat transfer of liquid nitrogen in open space, and there are many different studies for analytical (Quintiere 2006) and numerical work (Lee, Kim, and Hwang 2015). In recent years, Nguyen, Kim, and Choi et al. (2017) and other liquid nitrogen as a low temperature medium, the expansion rate and vaporization rate of the free expansion liquid tank at different leakage rates. It is found that the experimental results of the change of liquid pool radius with time were combined with the unsteady semi-infinite one-dimensional heat conduction theoretical model, and the empirical formula of the change of vaporization velocity with leakage rate and time was established by using the dimensionless parameter method. Shi and Zhou (2014) conducted experiments to analyze the liquid-gas conversion process of liquid nitrogen in porous media in the extraction zone. Yu and Zhao (2012) used the homogeneous phase model to establish a numerical model to analyze the transport law of liquid nitrogen in the gas-liquid two-phase flow within the porous media layer. Chen et al. (2021) studied the coupling relationship between the negative pressure of Shimen drainage and the different positions of negative pressure of liquid nitrogen injection. The results showed that with the increase of liquid nitrogen injection time, the area of self-ignition zone generally decreased sharply first, then stabilized, and finally decreased and increased slightly. It is obvious that the position of the cross-cutting negative pressure has a significant effect on the optimal nitrogen injection position and time.
Study on film effects during isothermal drying of square capillary tube using Lattice Boltzmann method
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Supriya Bhaskaran, Divyansh Pandey, Debashis Panda, Shubhani Paliwal, Nicole Vorhauer, Evangelos Tsotsas, Vikranth Kumar Surasani
In this work, we have simulated the isothermal drying of a square capillary tube using the LBM. The initial condition for the simulation is as follows: A three-dimensional (3D) computation domain of 20 ×20 ×100 (where the length and breadth of the tube is 20 and the height of the tube is 100 ) is chosen. The height of the computation domain is categorized as (i) tube length (40 ) and (ii) boundary layer thickness (60 ). The density of liquid, vapor and air () are 995 kg/m3, 0.83 kg/m3 and 1.5 kg/m3 respectively. The densities from lattice scale to metric scale is converted using reduced properties of the components (water and air). The relaxation parameter for both air and water ( and ) are chosen to be unity. The inter-particle forces in LBM are between different phases that accompany the phase change tendency of the model to simulate multiphase flows. Inter-particle forces are accounted between the liquid-vapor, liquid-liquid, vapor-vapor, liquid-air and vapor-air as cohesive forces and vapor-solid, gas-solid and liquid-solid as adhesive forces that are the crucial factors in stabilizing the three-phase (liquid-gas-solid) contact angle during isothermal drying of the square capillary tube. Incorporation of such inter-particle forces to SC-LBM is simple and straightforward given by: