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Natural gas
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
Between continents, it may be more economical to transform NG from its gaseous state into LNG and use tankers for transport. LNG is a higher-cost alternative. In addition to the costs of liquification before exporting and regasifying after importing, and the cost of specially built tankers, LNG requires its own infrastructure including LNG ports and extensive safety measures.
A review of failure causes and critical factors of maritime LNG leaks
Published in C. Guedes Soares, T.A. Santos, Trends in Maritime Technology and Engineering Volume 2, 2022
M. Abdelmalek, C. Guedes Soares
Marine LNG systems involve four systems which are: i) cargo containment systems (CCS), ii) transfer systems, iii) regasification systems, and iv) liquefaction systems. In the vast majority of LNG ships, LNG is stored in membrane tanks or in IMO independent tanks of type A (prismatic), B (spherical) or C (pressurized). LNG is typically stored below -162°C, and slightly above atmospheric pressure (0.25 – 0.7 barg), or higher than 2 barg in case of type C tanks (SIGTTO 2000).
Natural Gas
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
LNG is made at a gas processing plant, where the gaseous natural gas is first purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, and other gasses such as CO2 and H2S. Special attention is paid to removing trace amounts of mercury from the gas stream to prevent mercury amalgamizing with aluminum in the cryogenic heat exchangers.
Experimental investigation of a regenerative organic Rankine cycle (ORC) under different cryogenic cooling conditions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Wenzhong Gao, Haoxian Wang, Yuan Zhang, Zhen Tian
With economic development, the energy supply–demand conflict becomes more and more prominent, and environmental pollution is increasingly severe. Natural gas has received more attention in recent years as an environmentally friendly energy source (Atılgan Türkmen 2021). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is usually converted from natural gas to facilitate transportation and storage. However, LNG must be vaporized at the terminal station before it supplies to users, and this vaporization process releases a considerable quantity of cold energy (around 830–860 kJ/kg). In the traditional vaporization process, the cold energy would commonly be released into seawater or air, resulting in a great waste of energy and significant cold pollution to the environment near the gasification station (Sunny, Gazliya, and Aparna 2019). Therefore, recovering this LNG cold energy can reduce environmental pollution while achieving efficient energy utilization.
A multi-criteria decision support framework for assessing seaport sustainability planning: the case of Piraeus
Published in Maritime Policy & Management, 2022
Koasidis Konstantinos, A. Nikas, V. Daniil, E. Kanellou, H. Doukas
When accounting for uncertainty, cold ironing surpasses all others in terms of average values. This was already hinted in the sensitivity analysis, since cold ironing showcased positive improvements under the different scenarios, but here it is further validated. In fact, cold ironing presents a smaller range of observations compared to the other average-ranking actions, while most evaluations are concentrated around the average/median and even tilt closer to the maximum than the negative value. On the other hand, the distribution of observations in the LNG-related intervention is more balanced, although it presents a higher range, indicating higher uncertainty than cold ironing. From the two high-cost actions of the alternative fuels cluster, a higher prioritisation of cold ironing is evident. As an electrification-type action it has a higher savings potential in the long run, especially as decarbonisation of the power system progresses. This, however, acts as both a requirement to unlock this potential and an opportunity to make an already competitive action even more competitive, especially considering that the differences between cold ironing and LNG are less obvious in the current state. The fact that LNG performs better in the baseline, which better reflects the current status, indicates that LNG may play a similar role as a transitional fuel to shipping and ports as natural gas in power generation, and avoid becoming a stranded asset in the future, considering that natural gas could turn out more than a ‘transition’ fuel under current EU policy (Nikas et al. 2021).
Design and optimization of LNG cold energy utilization scheme for dual fuel main engine of 37000DWT asphalt ship
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Shouguang Yao, Xiaoyu Shen, Jianguo Luo
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is the liquid that natural gas turns into after being compressed and cooled to its boiling point (about −162 °C) (Lee and Choi 2016). Its volume is about 1/625 of the volume of the same gaseous natural gas, and it is conducive to storage and long-distance transportation (Xiaokang and Yueyuan 2019).In recent years, the global production and use of LNG have increased significantly, the LNG shipping industry has developed rapidly, and IMO requirements for ship emissions have become increasingly high, so LNG powered ships have developed rapidly. In the vaporization process, LNG will release about 864 kJ/kg of cold energy (Liu and You 1999). If the cold energy is not utilized, it will not only cause waste of resources but also cause cold pollution of surrounding waters.