China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Tables and Guidelines for Laboratory Safety
Published in Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 2020
Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D.N. Svoronos
Since the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen is below that of liquid oxygen, it is possible for oxygen to condense on any surface or vessel cooled by liquid nitrogen. Liquid oxygen is an oxidizer that can enhance the flammability characteristics of liquids and solids that it contacts. The liquid air that is seen dripping from lines transferring liquid nitrogen can be up to 50 % oxygen. If a blue tint is observed in a vessel being used with liquid nitrogen, the presence of liquid oxygen must be assumed. Additional hazards of liquid oxygen will be discussed below.
Engineering Aspects
Published in Bruno Langlais, David A. Reckhow, Deborah R. Brink, Ozone in Water Treatment, 2019
William D. Bellamy, François Damez, Bruno Langlais, Antoine Montiel, Kerwin L. Rakness, David A. Reckhow, C. Michael Robson
The steps involved in the process of oxygen generation by cryogenic distillation are as follows (illustrated in Figure IV–21): Feed air is filtered to remove particulates.Feed air is compressed.Compressed feed air is chilled, and water vapor, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons are removed by adsorption.Refrigeration is provided to liquefy air by both isothermal throttling (3 percent) and adiabatic expansion (97 percent).The liquid air is distilled by a two-step process (double column) into oxygen (95-99.99 percent) and nitrogen.Liquid oxygen can be produced in excess and stored as LOX for backup.
Applications
Published in Raj P. Chhabra, CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Second Edition, 2017
Joshua D. Ramsey, Ken Bell, Ramesh K. Shah, Bengt Sundén, Zan Wu, Clement Kleinstreuer, Zelin Xu, D. Ian Wilson, Graham T. Polley, John A. Pearce, Kenneth R. Diller, Jonathan W. Valvano, David W. Yarbrough, Moncef Krarti, John Zhai, Jan Kośny, Christian K. Bach, Ian H. Bell, Craig R. Bradshaw, Eckhard A. Groll, Abhinav Krishna, Orkan Kurtulus, Margaret M. Mathison, Bryce Shaffer, Bin Yang, Xinye Zhang, Davide Ziviani, Robert F. Boehm, Anthony F. Mills, Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Shankar Narasimhan, Donald L. Fenton, Raj M. Manglik, Sameer Khandekar, Mario F. Trujillo, Rolf D. Reitz, Milind A. Jog, Prabhat Kumar, K.P. Sandeep, Sanjiv Sinha, Krishna Valavala, Jun Ma, Pradeep Lall, Harold R. Jacobs, Mangesh Chaudhari, Amit Agrawal, Robert J. Moffat, Tadhg O’Donovan, Jungho Kim, S.A. Sherif, Alan T. McDonald, Arturo Pacheco-Vega, Gerardo Diaz, Mihir Sen, K.T. Yang, Martine Rueff, Evelyne Mauret, Pawel Wawrzyniak, Ireneusz Zbicinski, Mariia Sobulska, P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Naveen Tiwari, Rajappa Tadepalli, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, Desh Bandhu Singh, G. N. Tiwari
Trapping a fuel such as hydrogen or a reactant such as oxygen in the insulation can be very dangerous and precautions must be taken to purge or vent the insulation space as a safety measure. In a cryogenic system, there is also the possibility of condensing liquid air in the insulation. The liquid air is enriched in oxygen and will be hazardous if the insulation is combustible.
A retrospective analysis of nickel exposure data at a South African base metal refinery
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2018
Monica M. Young, Cornelius J. Van Der Merwe, Stefan J. L. Linde, Johan L. Du Plessis
Each stage during the purification and refining of nickel is characterized by exposure to different nickel compounds. Exposure to sulfidic nickel tends to be higher during the crushing and milling of the ore, while the exposure to oxidic nickel is higher after the nickel ore is fed into the furnaces.[3] Base metal refinery workers are primarily exposed to nickel sulfate (referred to as soluble nickel), during the electrolysis of nickel.[4] Electrolysis of nickel takes place inside tankhouses, where an electrical current is applied to a nickel sulfate solution and nickel deposits on the cathode of the electrowinning cell.[5] During nickel electrolysis, oxygen bubbles are formed at the anode and rise through the electrolyte solution, bursting at the liquid–air interface, producing an aerosol of the electrolyte solution.[6] Workers aiding in the removal process of electroplated cathodes is exposed to this electrolyte aerosol. Electrowinning cell workers and crane drivers specifically, are considered as the highest risk employees, due to their proximity to the electrowinning cell during the removal of the electroplated cathodes.
Experimental investigation of a regenerative organic Rankine cycle (ORC) under different cryogenic cooling conditions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Wenzhong Gao, Haoxian Wang, Yuan Zhang, Zhen Tian
The cold energy of LNG is commonly associated with power generation, liquid air energy storage, air separation, and desalination. Various ways of utilizing the cold energy of LNG were reviewed by (Kanbur et al. 2017). They pointed out that cryogenic power generation is a significant approach to recover LNG cold energy. As early as 1979, Japan had applied the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for generating electricity using LNG cold energy. The plant can generate 1450 kW of electricity with propane as the medium (Farrukh et al. 2023).