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Environmental Conditions Affecting Microbiological Contamination of Buildings
Published in Rafał L. Górny, Microbiological Corrosion of Buildings, 2020
In this type of ventilation, the air exchange is independent of any weather conditions. Forced air flow is achieved by using a mechanical means of stimulating air movement in the form of a fan or ejector (jet pump). Due to mechanical ventilation, it is possible to effectively influence the room temperature, achieve the assumed pressure distribution, control the speed of air movement and remove larger amounts of pollutants. Mechanical ventilation can have many technical variations depending on: the way the air is exchanged, the direction of air movement in relation to the ventilated interior and the indoor/outdoor pressure difference.
IoT Smart Homes and Security Issues: An Overview
Published in Fadi Al-Turjman, Security in IoT-Enabled Spaces, 2019
Fadi Al-Turjman, Chadi Altrjman
Many applications that can be employed in smart homes are propose in [10]. The most common applications of home automation are lighting control, HVAC, outdoor lawn irrigation, kitchen appliances, and security systems. Occupancy sensor adjusts the temperature and turns off lights when a room is not in use. Window contacts setback HVAC when windows or balcony doors are left open. Wall switches are used to control lighting and shading. Heat valve is for self-powered and energy-efficient room temperature control. Room temperature sensor is used for minimal energy consumption and maximum comfort. Plug-in receiver controls and monitors consumer appliances. Motion activated sensors, as the name implies, these types of home security sensors are used to detect an intruder’s presence. It is used for smart home protection. Once a sensor is tripped by a thief entering your home, a signal is sent to the smart home panel. In addition to setting off the internal siren, the smart home panel will also send you a text message or email, informing you of events as they unfold. Door contacts, once armed, a signal is sent to the smart home control panel if the door is opened.
Air Conditioning and Ventilation
Published in John Knight, Peter Jones, Newnes Building Services Pocket Book, 2012
To maintain a room temperature less than that outside a cooling capacity that matches the sensible heat gain must be provided in the room. Sensible gain arises from. transmission through the building envelope and natural infiltration — abbreviated as T; solar gain through windows (S); the heat emitted by people (P); lights (L); and business machines (M). A simple load diagram can be drawn (Figure 3.1) showing how the maximum gains vary as the outside temperature changes.
Optimal scheduling model for smart home energy management system based on the fusion algorithm of harmony search algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2020
Zhisheng Zhang, Jidong Wang, Haitao Zhong, Hanjie Ma
Air conditioner belongs to the thermostatically controlled load. The operating power of the air conditioning model in this paper is the rated power, and this can ensure efficient refrigeration or heating at the operational stage. Room temperature has the characteristics of heat preservation, so temperature regulation can be carried out ahead. For example, in the low electricity price period at night or early morning, refrigeration or heating can be carried out in advance to cope with the temperature rise or fall in the high electricity price period. It should be noted that the room temperature should be kept within the user's set range at all times, otherwise it will affect the normal life of users. Generally, the change of indoor temperature is related to the structure of house, building materials, the initial value of room temperature, outdoor temperature, heating or cooling performance of air conditioning. So the room temperature model is established:
Effects of water table fluctuation on diesel fuel migration in one-dimensional laboratory study
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2018
S. Yimsiri, S. Euaapiwatch, G. Flores, T. Katsumi, S. Likitlersuang
One-dimensional columns, 3.5 × 3.5 × 110 cm3 constructed of transparent acrylic walls, are employed in this study. The base of column is connected to the constant-head water reservoir to control the water pressure at its base. The upper air-phase boundary condition is atmospheric. Evaporation is minimised by covering top of the column with plastic plate that contained small holes to avoid producing vacuum. There are access ports at every 10 cm along the column height for sample collection to determine the liquid saturation by gravimetric method. The sampling ports has 10 mm diameter; therefore, the obtained liquid saturations are average values over these areas. The room temperature and humidity are controlled to maintain relatively stable values of 20 °C and 80%, respectively. The laboratory set-up and example colour photos are presented by Flores et al. (2011).
Adaptive optimization of heating curves in buildings heated by a weather-compensated heat pump
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2019
PrimoŽ PotoČnik, Edvard Govekar
Alternative simplified and cost-efficient approaches involve the possibilities of weather compensation by the adaptation or optimization of the weather-controlled heating curves. A recent investigation has demonstrated the possibilities for the low-cost improvement in thermal comfort by the generalization and optimization of heating curves (Potočnik et al. 2018). The proposed approach appears to be a promising and simple alternative to predictive control approaches. A few studies investigated adaptation of the heat curve, and most of them were concerned with adaptation to different desired room temperatures, as presented in Saloky and Pitel (2005). An example of a commercial weather compensation controller has been provided by Vaillant (2012). Their model analyses the variations in room temperature, and adapting the heat curve by performing a parallel shift when the desired room temperature is changed. A study of an adaptive heat curve for the automatic optimization of district heating installations was presented by Ionesi et al. (2015). It demonstrated that the implementation of a building specific heat curve increases the thermal comfort in the building by adjusting the room temperature so that it is in a ± 0.5 °C range around the desired temperature, and reduces the energy consumption by 5%, compared to a baseline study. The influence of the supply temperature on the seasonal performance factor of heating systems was examined by varying the heating curve in (Huchtemann and Müller 2013). An air-to-water heat pump system for the heating of a one-family home was numerically analyzed, and an adaptive control algorithm was studied, which lowers the supply temperature according to the actual heating demand. The results demonstrated an increase in the seasonal performance factor of up to 0.19, and savings in annual primary energy demand compared to a standard controlling of up to 6.8%.